Detection of Leakage Areas in an Earth Embankment from GPR Measurements and Permeability Logging

Table 1

Reference values for conductivity, relative permittivity, and wave speed for different media of the studied embankment, from [16].

Medium	(S⋅m^−1)		(m⋅ns^−1)
Air	0	1	0.3
Freshwater	0.01	81	0.033
Dry sand	0.01	3–5	0.12–0.17
Sand saturated with water	10–10	30	0.05-0.06
Clay	10–2	8–12	0.06
Dry limestone	10–10	6–8	0.12
Concrete	10–10	4–10	0.09–0.12