Social and Institutional Status of Area Exclosure in North Wollo and Waghemira Zones, Northeastern Ethiopia
Table 10
Conflicts and graduate sanctions of area exclosure in the study area.
Principles
Highland
Mid-altitude
Lowland
Penalties
(i) Penalty is 50 birr per cattle (ii) Repeated violators are not penalized up to excluding from the user group
(i) Penalty is 100 birr per cattle (ii) Repeated violators are penalized up to excluding from the user group
(i) Penalty is 30 birr per cattle (ii) Repeated violators are not penalized (iii) Some violators have not even been penalized
Conflict
(i) Landless youth are not user groups (ii) Thus, they violate the local bylaws (iii) Border farmers encroach on the exclosure area (iv) Conflicts are mostly resolved with the negotiation of elders
(i) There is no more conflict but sometimes during benefit-sharing (ii) Conflicts are mostly resolved with the negotiation of elders and on table discussion
(i) They violate the local bylaws (ii) Border farmers encroach on the exclosure area (iii) Conflicts are resolved with the negotiation of elders, but mostly by the local rules
