The Real Time Analyzer (RTA) utilizing DC- and AC-voltammetric techniques is an in situ, online monitoring system that provides a complete chemical analysis of different electrochemical deposition solutions. The RTA employs multivariate calibration when predicting concentration parameters from a multivariate data set. Although the hierarchical and multiblock Principal Component Regression- (PCR-) and Partial Least Squares- (PLS-) based methods can handle data sets even when the number of variables significantly exceeds the number of samples, it can be advantageous to reduce the number of variables to obtain improvement of the model predictions and better interpretation. This presentation focuses on the introduction of a multistep, rigorous method of data-selection-based Least Squares Regression, Simple Modeling of Class Analogy modeling power, and, as a novel application in electroanalysis, Uninformative Variable Elimination by PLS and by PCR, Variable Importance in the Projection coupled with PLS, Interval PLS, Interval PCR, and Moving Window PLS. Selection criteria of the optimum decomposition technique for the specific data are also demonstrated. The chief goal of this paper is to introduce to the community of electroanalytical chemists numerous variable selection methods which are well established in spectroscopy and can be successfully applied to voltammetric data analysis.

Aleksander Jaworski

Hanna Wikiel

Kazimierz Wikiel

Online Monitoring of Copper Damascene Electroplating Bath by Voltammetry: Selection of Variables for Multiblock and Hierarchical Chemometric Analysis of Voltammetric Data

This study presents the results of a coupled electrocoagulation-phytoremediation treatment for the reduction of copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc, present in aqueous solution. The electrocoagulation was carried out in a batch reactor using aluminum electrodes in parallel arrangement; the optimal conditions were current density of 8&#x2009;mA/cm2 and operating time of 180 minutes. For phytoremediation the macrophytes, Typha latifolia L., were used during seven days of treatment. The results indicated that the coupled treatment reduced metal concentrations by 99.2&#x25; Cu, 81.3&#x25; Cd, and 99.4&#x25; Pb, while Zn increased due to the natural concentrations of the plant used.

Francisco Ferniza-Garc&#xed;a

Araceli Amaya-Ch&#xe1;vez

Gabriela Roa-Morales

Carlos E. Barrera-D&#xed;az

Removal of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn Present in Aqueous Solution Using Coupled Electrocoagulation-Phytoremediation Treatment

Metal&#x2013;air batteries exhibit high potential for grid-scale energy storage because of their high theoretical energy density, their abundance in the earth&#x2019;s crust, and their low cost. In these batteries, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurs on the air electrode during charging. This study proposes a method for improving the OER electrode performance. The method involves sequentially depositing a Ni underlayer, Sn whiskers, and a Ni protection layer on the metal mesh. Small and uniform gas bubbles form on the Ni/Sn/Ni mesh, leading to low overpotential and a decrease in the overall resistance of the OER electrode. The results of a simulated life cycle test indicate that the Ni/Sn/Ni mesh has a life cycle longer than 1,300 cycles when it is used as the OER electrode in 6&#x2009;M KOH.

Cian-Tong Lu

Yen-Wen Chiu

Mei-Jing Li

Kan-Lin Hsueh

Ju-Shei Hung

Reduction of the Electrode Overpotential of the Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Electrode Surface Modification

This paper covers details of systematic investigation of the thermodynamics (entropy and enthalpy) of intercalation associated with lithium ion in a structurally novel carbon, called Randomly Oriented High Graphene (ROHG) carbon and graphite. Equilibrated OCV (Open Circuit Voltage) versus temperature relationship is investigated to determine the thermodynamic changes with the lithium intercalation. ROHG carbon shows entropy of 9.36&#x2009;J&#xB7;mol&#x2212;1&#xB7;K&#x2212;1 and shows no dependency on the inserted lithium concentration. Graphite shows initial entropy of 84.27&#x2009;J&#xB7;mol&#x2212;1&#xB7;K&#x2212;1 and shows a strong dependence on lithium concentration. ROHG carbon (from &#x2212;90.85&#x2009;kJ&#x2009;mol&#x2212;1 to &#x2212;2.88&#x2009;kJ&#x2009;mol&#x2212;1) shows gradual change in the slope of enthalpy versus lithium ion concentration plot compared to graphite (&#x2212;48.98&#x2009;kJ&#x2009;mol&#x2212;1 to 1.84&#x2009;kJ&#x2009;mol&#x2212;1). The study clearly shows that a lower amount of energy is required for the lithium ion intercalation into the ROHG structure compared to graphite structure. Randomly oriented graphene platelet cluster structure of ROHG carbon makes it easier for the intercalation or deintercalation of lithium ion. The ease of intercalation and the small cluster structure of ROHG as opposed to the long linear platelet structure of graphite lead to higher rates of the charge-discharge process for ROHG, when used as an electrode material in electrochemical applications.

Rahul S. Kadam

Kishor P. Gadkaree

Thermodynamics of Lithium Intercalation in Randomly Oriented High Graphene Carbon

Environmental concerns and energy security uncertainties associated with fossil fuels have driven the world to shift to renewable energy sources. However, most renewable energy sources with exception of hydropower are intermittent in nature and thus need storage systems. Amongst various storage systems, supercapacitors are the promising candidates for energy storage not only in renewable energies but also in hybrid vehicles and portable devices due to their high power density. Supercapacitor electrodes are almost invariably made of carbon derived from biomass. Several reviews had been focused on general carbon materials for supercapacitor electrode. This review is focused on understanding the extent to which different types of biomasses have been used as porous carbon materials for supercapacitor electrodes. It also details hydrothermal microwave assisted, ionothermal, and molten salts carbonization as techniques of synthesizing activated carbon from biomasses as well as their characteristics and their impacts on electrochemical performance.

Talam Kibona Enock

Cecil K. King&#x2019;ondu

Alexander Pogrebnoi

Yusufu Abeid Chande Jande

Status of Biomass Derived Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor Application

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International Journal of Electrochemistry publishes research on all aspects of electrochemistry including fundamental electrochemical processes, new electrochemical techniques and the applications of electrochemistry in analytical determination.

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Professor Kenneth Ozoemena, the journal’s Chief Editor, is based at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa. His current research activities include materials synthesis and characterisation, electroanalytical chemistry, electrocatalysis and electrochemical energy conversion and storage.

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International Journal of Electrochemistry - Table of contents 2017

International Journal of Electrochemistry | Hindawi

title

International Journal of Electrochemistry publishes research on all aspects of electrochemistry including fundamental electrochemical processes, new electrochemical techniques and the applications of electrochemistry in analytical determination.

International Journal of Electrochemistry