Imbalanced supercapacitor was constructed by using various ratio of activated carbon (AC) of positive to negative electrode. The electrochemical behavior of imbalanced supercapacitor was investigated using 1.0 M spiro-(1,1′)-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate electrolyte in propylene carbonate. The results showed that there are some factors that influenced the imbalanced supercapacitor with different AC ratio of positive to negative electrode, the utilization of AC, electrode potential distribution, and life cycle. The imbalanced supercapacitor with an AC weight ratio of 80 : 120 of positive to negative electrode has an average potential distribution in each electrode, and it revealed the best electrochemical performance: specific capacitor was 39.6 F<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" id="M1" height="4.18388pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -4.13406 3.07474 4.18388" width="3.07474pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-46" d="M170 255C170 288 146 313 114 313S58 288 58 255C58 221 82 198 114 198S170 221 170 255Z"/></g></svg>g<sup>−1</sup>, while the charge-discharge efficiency was 97.2% after 2000 life cycle tests.

Tieshi He

Xue Ren

Junping Nie

Jun Ying

Kedi Cai

Investigation of Imbalanced Activated Carbon Electrode Supercapacitors

The interaction of protionamide with alizarin red S (ARS) and its analytical application were carefully investigated in this contribution. The interaction conditions were carefully studied and optimized by cyclic voltammetry. Under the optimum conditions, the cyclic voltammetry curve of ARS showed an oxidation peak with the peak potential of 0.57&#x2009;V. After the addition of protionamide to the ARS solution, the peak potential was negatively moved, and meanwhile the oxidation peak current decreased apparently to the concentration of protionamide and then a new method for the protionamide determination was established. The linear equation between the decreasing current (&#x394;ip) and protionamide concentration was got as &#x394;ip (<i>&#x3bc;</i>A) = 0.01514<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" id="M1" height="8.8423pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 8.8162 8.8423" width="8.8162pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-68" d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"/></g></svg> (mg/L) &#x2212;0.01553&#x2009;&#x2009;<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" id="M2" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 92.6584 11.5564" width="92.6584pt"><g 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270Z"/></g></svg> with the linear range of 10.0&#x7e;50.0&#x2009;mg/L, and the detection limit (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M3" height="8.55521pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 13.7356 8.55521" width="13.7356pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><path id="g113-240" d="M548 455L523 469C505 448 490 439 461 439C416 439 374 447 316 447C144 447 23 310 23 161C23 47 89 -12 179 -12C312 -12 429 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The effects of coexisting substances on the determination were carefully investigated and the protionamide artificial and tablet samples were detected with satisfactory results.

Weili Zhang

Xueliang Niu

Hua Zhang

Qingqing Jiang

Pingping Zhang

A Novel Electrochemical Method for Protionamide Determination Based on Its Interaction with Alizarin Red S

Hydrophilized graphite felt has been used, <i>for the first time</i>, for the electrochemical detection of Hg<sup>2+</sup> ions both as single metal species and via its simultaneous detection with Pb<sup>2+</sup>. To do so, square wave voltammetry (SWV) method was developed with alginate modified graphite felt as working electrode. The structure of the graphite felt such as its high porosity and specific surface area coupled with its good electrical conductivity allows achieving large peak currents via the SWV method, suggesting that the alginate coating helps to preconcentrate metals at the carbon surface. The as-described electrode has low cost, it is easy to manipulate, and the electrochemical analysis can be performed by simple immersion of the felt in the metal solution.

Laila Bouabdalaoui

Benjamin Le Ouay

Thibaud Coradin

Christel Laberty-Robert

Evaluation of Hydrophilized Graphite Felt for Electrochemical Heavy Metals Detection (Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>)

A one-dimensional model based on solvent diffusion and kinetics to study the formation of the SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) layer and its impact on the capacity of a lithium ion battery is developed. The model uses the earlier work on silicon oxidation but studies the kinetic limitations of the SEI growth process. The rate constant of the SEI formation reaction at the anode is seen to play a major role in film formation. The kinetics of the reactions for capacity fading for various battery systems are studied and the rate constants are evaluated. The model is used to fit the capacity fade in different battery systems.

Srivatsan Ramesh

K. Venkata Ratnam

Balaji Krishnamurthy

An Empirical Rate Constant Based Model to Study Capacity Fading in Lithium Ion Batteries

This work investigates a one-dimensional model for the solid-state diffusion in a LiC<sub>6</sub>/LiMnO<sub>2</sub> rechargeable cell. This cell is used in hybrid electric vehicles. In this environment the cell experiences low frequency electrical pulses that degrade the electrodes. The model&#x2019;s starting point is Fick&#x2019;s second law of diffusion. The Laplace transform is used to move from time as the independent variable to frequency as the independent variable. To better understand the effect of frequency changes on the cell, a transfer function is constructed. The transfer function is a transcendental function so a Pad&#xe9; approximant is found to better describe the model at the origin. 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John H. Summerfield

Charles N. Curtis

Modeling the Lithium Ion/Electrode Battery Interface Using Fick&#x2019;s Second Law of Diffusion, the Laplace Transform, Charge Transfer Functions, and a [4, 4] Pad&#xe9; Approximant

New gel polymer electrolytes containing poly(vinylidene chloride-co-acrylonitrile) and poly(methyl methacrylate) are prepared by solution casting method. With the addition of 60&#x2009;wt.&#x25; of EC to PVdC-AN/PMMA blend, ionic conductivity value <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3625994pt" id="M1" height="12.4407pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -12.0781 67.3541 12.4407" width="67.3541pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,6.503,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.592,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,16.096,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.6,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,32.131,0)"><path id="g117-42" d="M528 54L331 254L528 455L492 493L294 291L96 493L60 455L257 254L60 54L96 16L294 217L492 16L528 54Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,43.112,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,49.615,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,56.167,-5.984)"><path id="g54-33" d="M556 236V289H56V236H556Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,61.961,-5.984)"><path id="g50-55" d="M141 347C171 480 264 541 327 570C364 587 403 599 436 605L429 641C389 634 339 622 300 609C191 570 37 458 37 239C37 86 126 -12 245 -12C367 -12 454 89 454 210C454 314 380 397 272 397C252 397 230 390 208 380L141 347ZM231 338C323 338 366 257 366 174C366 108 340 27 263 27C180 27 129 123 129 244C129 268 130 292 135 310C158 323 193 338 231 338Z"/></g></svg>&#x2009;S&#x2009;cm<sup>&#x2212;1</sup> has been achieved. XRD and FT-IR studies have been conducted to investigate the structure and complexation in the polymer gel electrolytes. The FT-IR spectra show that the functional groups C=O and C&#x2261;N play major role in ion conduction. Thermal stability of the prepared membranes is found to be about 180&#xb0;C.

Chithra M. Mathew

K. Kesavan

S. Rajendran

Structural and Electrochemical Analysis of PMMA Based Gel Electrolyte Membranes

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<p><em>International Journal of Electrochemistry</em> publishes research on all aspects of electrochemistry including fundamental electrochemical processes, new electrochemical techniques and the applications of electrochemistry in analytical determination.</p>


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<p>Professor Kenneth Ozoemena, the journal’s Chief Editor, is based at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa. His current research activities include materials synthesis and characterisation, electroanalytical chemistry, electrocatalysis and electrochemical energy conversion and storage.</p>


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International Journal of Electrochemistry - Table of contents 2015

International Journal of Electrochemistry | Hindawi

title

International Journal of Electrochemistry publishes research on all aspects of electrochemistry including fundamental electrochemical processes, new electrochemical techniques and the applications of electrochemistry in analytical determination.

International Journal of Electrochemistry