Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index Is Negatively Associated with Hyperuricemia in US Adults: An Analysis of NHANES 2007–2018

Table 1

Characteristics of study participants from NHANES 2007–2018.

Characteristics	Hyperuricemia		value
	No	Yes
N	6857	1904
Age (year), mean ± SD	49.13 ± 17.39	55.11 ± 17.30	<0.001
Sex			<0.001
Male	3253 (47.44%)	991 (52.05%)
Female	3604 (52.56%)	913 (47.95%)
Race			<0.001
Mexican American	1053 (15.36%)	195 (10.24%)
Other Hispanic	728 (10.62%)	142 (7.46%)
Non-Hispanic White	3210 (46.81%)	978 (51.37%)
Non-Hispanic Black	1237 (18.04%)	413 (21.69%)
Other race—including multiracial	629 (9.17%)	176 (9.24%)
Education level			0.181
<High school	1579 (23.03%)	418 (21.95%)
High school	1524 (22.23%)	460 (24.16%)
>High school	3754 (54.75%)	1026 (53.89%)
Ratio of family income to poverty			0.062
≤1	1442 (21.03%)	367 (19.28%)
1–3	2830 (41.27%)	840 (44.12%)
>3	2585 (37.70%)	697 (36.61%)
Marital status			<0.001
Married/cohabiting	4411 (64.33%)	1195 (62.76%)
Widowed/divorced/separated	1451 (21.16%)	495 (26.00%)
Never married	995 (14.51%)	214 (11.24%)
BMI (kg/m^2)			<0.001
<20	355 (5.18%)	19 (1.00%)
20–25	1881 (27.43%)	237 (12.45%)
25–30	2370 (34.56%)	553 (29.04%)
≥30	2251 (32.83%)	1095 (57.51%)
Gamma glutamyl transferase (IU/L), mean ± SD	26.77 ± 33.05	37.87 ± 59.33	<0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dL), mean ± SD	118.54 ± 100.09	155.26 ± 131.07	<0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD	191.54 ± 41.25	197.05 ± 43.15	<0.001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD	54.86 ± 16.15	50.03 ± 15.23	<0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL), mean ± SD	0.86 ± 0.48	1.03 ± 0.56	<0.001
Dietary energy intake (kcal)	4081.69 ± 1617.59	3899.22 ± 1569.76	<0.001
Dietary protein intake (gm)	160.98 ± 69.39	157.66 ± 68.57	0.064
CDAI	1.45 ± 3.88	0.98 ± 3.47	<0.001
Hypertension status			<0.001
No	4200 (61.25%)	713 (37.45%)
Yes	2657 (38.75%)	1191 (62.55%)
Diabetes status			<0.001
No	4416 (64.40%)	832 (43.70%)
Yes	1284 (18.73%)	625 (32.83%)
IFG	535 (7.80%)	247 (12.97%)
IGT	622 (9.07%)	200 (10.50%)
Smoking status			<0.001
Never	3819 (55.69%)	1004 (52.73%)
Now	1377 (20.08%)	314 (16.49%)
Former	1661 (24.22%)	586 (30.78%)
Work activities status			0.752
No	3989 (58.17%)	1131 (59.40%)
Vigorous	266 (3.88%)	67 (3.52%)
Moderate	1558 (22.72%)	421 (22.11%)
Both	1044 (15.23%)	285 (14.97%)
Recreational activities status			<0.001
No	3409 (49.72%)	1093 (57.41%)
Vigorous	554 (8.08%)	107 (5.62%)
Moderate	1890 (27.56%)	513 (26.94%)
Both	1004 (14.64%)	191 (10.03%)
Drinking status			0.765
Yes	4972 (72.51%)	1374 (72.16%)
No	1885 (27.49%)	530 (27.84%)

CDAI: composite dietary antioxidant index; BMI: body mass index; IFG: impaired fasting glycemia; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance. was considered statistically significant.