Clinical Characteristics of 76 Patients with IgG4-Related Hypophysitis: A Systematic Literature Review

Li, Yujuan; Gao, Hua; Li, Zhen; Zhang, Xinxin; Ding, Yizhi; Li, Fengao

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5382640

International Journal of Endocrinology

On this page

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions References Copyright Related Articles

Review Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 5382640 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5382640

Clinical Characteristics of 76 Patients with IgG4-Related Hypophysitis: A Systematic Literature Review

Yujuan Li,¹Hua Gao,¹Zhen Li,¹Xinxin Zhang,¹Yizhi Ding,¹and Fengao Li¹

Academic Editor: Christian S. Göbl

Received24 Jul 2019

Revised20 Oct 2019

Accepted19 Nov 2019

Published18 Dec 2019

Abstract

Background. IgG4-related hypophysitis (IgG4-RH) is a rare disease, and its prevalence remains unclear. In recent years, an increasing number of cases have been reported because of the increasing recognition of this disease. We aimed to summarize case reports of IgG4-RH and outline the clinical features and outcomes. Methods. We performed PubMed search of articles using the search terms “hypophysitis [AND] IgG4.” Consequently, only 54 English articles (76 cases) met Leporati’s diagnostic criteria. Results. Of the 76 cases, the ratio of men to women was 1.5 : 1, and the age at diagnosis was 54.1 ± 17.8 years. The median IgG4 concentration was 405.0 mg/dl. Anterior hypopituitarism, isolated central diabetes insipidus, and panhypopituitarism were observed in 14 (18.4%), 12 (15.8%), and 44 (57.9%) cases, respectively. The sequence of anterior hormone deficiency was as follows: gonadotropin (68.4%), ACTH (63.2%), TSH (59.2%), GH (48.7%), and prolactin (42.1%). The median number of involved organs was 1.5, and the lung (18.4%), retroperitoneum (17.1%), kidney (15.8%), submandibular glands (14.5%), and pancreas (13.2%) were the common involved organs. Elevated IgG4 concentration and normal IgG4 level were in 42 (76.4%) and 13 (23.6%) cases, respectively. Patients with elevated serum IgG4 concentration were older (60.9 ± 14.3 vs 45.6 ± 17.4, ) and male-prone (78.6% vs 40.4%, ) and had a susceptibility of multiple organ involvement (78.6% vs 35.0%, ) compared to those with normal serum IgG4 levels. Males were older at disease onset (61.5 ± 12.6 vs 42.9 ± 18.8, ) and had a higher IgG4 concentration (425.0 vs 152.5, ) and a greater number of involved organs (2.0 vs 0.0, ), while isolated hypophysitis was more prominent in female (63.3% vs 26.1%, ). Conclusion. In this review, we found that there were different characteristics between different genders. Patients with elevated serum IgG4 level in terms of some clinical features were also different from those with normal serum IgG4 level. However, the data in this review were limited by bias and confounding. Further clinical studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.

1. Introduction

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a rare, newly recognized, multiorgan involved disease, which was characterized by infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells into the organs and elevated serum IgG4 level. The incidence of IgG4-RD was estimated to be 0.28–1.08/100,000 patients in Japan [1]. It was first created by Hamano et al. in 2001 when describing one case of sclerosing pancreatitis [2]. To our knowledge, pancreas, retroperitoneum, and salivary glands were the most commonly involved organs in IgG4-RD. Pituitary, which was a rare involved organ, was initially reported in 2004 [3]. It accounted for merely 1.5% of systemic cases of IgG4-RD [4]. Wong et al. reported the first case with both clinical manifestation and histopathologic evidence in 2007 [5]. In order to avoid the complication of transsphenoidal surgery, new diagnostic criteria were proposed by Leporati et al. in 2011 [6]. Since then, cases continued to be reported. In this review, we summarized case reports of IgG4-RH reported in the English articles and provided a detailed analysis of the clinical features of the 76 cases, aiming to get a better understanding of this recently recognized and rare entity.

2. Methods

This systematic review of the literature was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines [7].

2.1. Literature Search and Data Extraction

We performed a PubMed database of the US National Library of Medicine search of articles using the search terms “hypophysitis [AND] IgG4” published up to March, 2019. A manual search of the literature was also performed. Articles were excluded if (1) cases were reported in languages other than English, (2) cases without individual data, and (3) cases not conformed with Leporati’s diagnostic criteria (Table 1). Two investigators independently searched articles according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Any disagreements regarding the suitability of individual articles were resolved by discussion. Consequently, 54 articles of IgG4-RH (76 cases) were included. The PRISMA flow diagram is demonstrated in Figure 1. For each case, two investigators independently extracted the following parameters from eligible articles: sex, age, symptom, pituitary function, MRI, IgG4 serum concentration, involved organs, therapy, and the response to therapy. A list of all reviewed articles [3, 5, 6, 8–57] is given in Table 2.

2.2. Hormone Deficiency

Anterior hypopituitarism was defined as any anterior pituitary hormone deficiency. Secondary hypogonadism was diagnosed when FSH/LH concentration and estradiol or testosterone level was not elevated, respectively, for women or men. Secondary adrenal deficiency was defined as low morning serum cortisol and ACTH level. Secondary hypothyroidism was diagnosed when the serum FT4 level was below the normal range and serum TSH level was inappropriately low or normal. GH deficiency was defined as low age-adjusted IGF1 level. The diagnosis of diabetes insipidus was based on the clinical findings of polyuria and polydipsia, low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), low urine osmolality in a water deprivation test, and an increase in urinary osmolality or a decrease in urine volumes in response to a desmopressin trial.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

All parameters were described in the standard summary statistics, including mean, standard deviation (SD), median, minimum, maximum, and composition ratio. Statistical differences for continuous, normally distributed data were analyzed by Student’s t-test; all continuous, non-normally distributed data were analyzed by nonparametric testing (Mann–Whitney U test). Categorical variables were assessed by chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. All statistical tests were performed by SPSS version 20. A value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Patient Demographics

In a total of 76 patients, the mean ± SD age at diagnosis was 54.1 ± 17.8 years. 60.5% (n = 46/76) were men (the mean ± SD age at time of onset was 61.5 ± 12.6 years), 39.5% (n = 30/76) were women (the mean ± SD age at time of onset was 42.9 ± 18.8 years), and the ratio of men to women was 1.5 : 1. The minimum age was 14 years (ranged from 14 years to 87 years). Two patients were pregnant women. According to the data, the ages of onset were as follows: 7 (9.2%) patients were in their 40s, 19 (25.0%) in their 50s, 13 (17.1%) in their 60s, and 17 (22.4%) in their 70s (Figure 2).

3.2. Main Symptoms

In summary, there were the following types of symptoms. Sellar mass effects (such as visual field loss and diplopia) accounted for 18.4%. Central diabetic insipidus (polyuria and polydipsia) accounted for 39.5%. Anterior hypopituitarism (decreased libido, amenorrhea, and bilateral galactorrhea) accounted for 10.5% and general symptoms (general malaise, headache, nausea, vomiting, fever, appetite loss, and weight loss) accounted for 40.8%. Certainly, headache (26.3%) was also caused by direct compression of pituitary mass.

3.3. Pituitary Function

Seven cases had no available data of anterior pituitary function, and 5 cases lacked description of posterior pituitary function in the 76 cases. Almost all cases of IgG4-RH showed central diabetes insipidus and/or hypopituitarism although three patients had no pituitary dysfunction. Various degrees of anterior hypopituitarism were observed in 14 (18.4%) cases. Isolated diabetes insipidus was diagnosed in 12 (15.8%) cases. Panhypopituitarism was recorded in 44 (57.9%) cases. Among patients with damaged anterior pituitary, gonadotropin was the most commonly deficient hormone (n = 52, 68.4%), followed by ACTH (n = 48, 63.2%), TSH (n = 45, 59.2%), GH (n = 37, 48.7%), and prolactin (n = 32, 42.1%). Of all cases, isolated ACTH deficiency (n = 1), isolated hypogonadism (n = 5), and isolated hypothyroidism (n = 1) were documented.

3.4. Serum IgG4 Concentration

In the 76 cases, 14 cases did not record the IgG4 level and 7 cases only showed normal without available data. Normal IgG4 level was defined as 140 mg/dl. Forty-two (76.4%) cases had elevated IgG4 concentration, when 13 (23.6%) cases showed normal IgG4 level (7 cases lack of detailed data). Among those patients who had available serum IgG4 level, the median IgG4 concentration was 405 mg/dl (n = 62). Comparing men with women, IgG4 concentration in men was higher (425.0 mg/dl vs 152.5 mg/dl, ).

3.5. Imaging Features

Analyzing pituitary MRI, 17 (22.4%) cases presented with pituitary mass. Twenty (26.3%) cases presented with thickened pituitary stalk. Thirty-nine (51.3%) cases showed pituitary mass and thickened pituitary simultaneously. In cases involving central diabetes insipidus, the bright signal seen in the posterior pituitary of T1-weighing imaging was absent.

3.6. Other Involved Organs

IgG4-RH is a part of IgG4-RD, and it commonly accompanied with other involved organs. From our data, 23 different organs or tissues were involved, with a median of 1.5 involved organs (range: 0–7). The lung was the most commonly involved organ (n = 14, 18.4%), followed by the retroperitoneum (n = 13, 17.1%), kidney (n = 12, 15.8%), submandibular glands (n = 11, 14.5%), and pancreas (n = 10, 13.2%) (Table 3). We observed that the number of an isolated pituitary lesion not associated with any systemic IgG4-RD was 31 (40.8%) cases.

3.7. Diagnostic Method

Forty-three (56.3%) cases were diagnosed by pituitary biopsy via a transcranial approach or transsphenoidal approach. Twenty-three (30.3%) cases were diagnosed based on biopsy-proven IgG4-related disease in other organs when enlarged pituitary gland and/or pituitary stalk were presented.

3.8. Therapy

There was only one not receiving treatment; moreover, there was little change in the follow-up of 4 years. The use of glucocorticoid alone was the most common therapy for our patients (n = 55, 72.4%). Various kinds and doses of glucocorticoid were used to treat this disease. However, there were still some cases showing a relapse of the pituitary mass when the doses of glucocorticoid were tapered (Table 4). Surgery combined with glucocorticoid was taken in 13 (17.1%) patients. Four (5.3%) patients undergone glucocorticoid combined with immunosuppressive or anti-CD20 agents, including methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, cyclosporine A, and rituximab. In cases where clinical outcomes were reported, 93.8% (n = 60/64) of cases showed improvement following treatment, at least initially.

3.9. Clinical Differences according to Sex

Compared with women, men were older at the age of onset and had a higher IgG4 concentration and a greater number of involved organs (, , ). Another important difference between men and women was that the isolated IgG4-RH was almost exclusively present in women (). However, they had no difference in efficiency of therapy (Table 5).

3.10. Clinical Differences according to Serum IgG4 Concentration

We analyzed the clinical features of patients according to elevated versus normal serum IgG4 concentration (Table 6). It showed patients with elevated serum IgG4 concentration were older, male-prone, and more inclined to multiple organ involvement compared to those with normal serum IgG4 levels ( for all comparisons).

4. Discussion

This review presented the largest number of IgG4-RH cases ever enumerated in English, with 76 cases meeting the inclusion criteria. We analyzed the characteristics of each parameter. In addition, we compared the differences of each parameter based on sex and serum IgG4 level aiming to understand the IgG4-RH precisely.

Our analysis showed IgG4-RH presented at the 6th decade of life (mean age 54.1 ± 17.8 years) and was associated with a 1.5 : 1 male predominance, by contrast with the common lymphocytic hypophysitis, which was common in young females, particularly in association with late pregnancy or the postpartum period, and peaked in incidence in the 4th decade of life [59]. Iseda et al. reported that the age of onset was 66.3 ± 9.8 years, and the ratio of men to women was 9.3 : 1 in 2014 [23]. Shikuma et al. reported the age of onset was 64.2 ± 13.9 years, and the ratio of men to women was 2.4 : 1 in 2017 [60]. The possible reason was one previously been diagnosed as primary hypophysitis met the histologic criteria of isolated IgG4-RH. Moreover, we found patients with isolated pituitary lesion more tend to be female (). Importantly, 9 cases had been diagnosed IgG4-RD prior to IgG4-RH. We learned that it is important to follow-up these cases by considering them potential IgG4-RH cases.

With regard to features of MRI and pituitary function, the data characteristics were similar to Shikuma’s review [60]. The sequence of anterior hormone deficiency to IgG4-RH was as follows: gonadotropin, ACTH, TSH, GH, and prolactin, which was different from lymphocytic hypophysitis that was characterized by ACTH > TSH > gonadotropin > prolactin > GH [61]. Elevated IgG4 concentration, as a common laboratory finding of IgG4-RH, was observed in 42 (76.4%) cases, and patients with elevated serum IgG4 concentration were older, male-prone, and more inclined to multiple organ involvement compared to those with the normal serum IgG4 level. This conclusion was consistent with the reports of Wallace and Carruthers [62, 63]. However, the subjects in their articles were IgG4-RD patients, which was different from our review. Certainly, the serum IgG4 level could elevate in noninflammatory conditions, such as Wegener granulomatosis, multicentric Castleman’s disease, and idiopathic plasmacytic lymphoadenopathy [64] and could be normal in up to 40% of patients, who were diagnosed by biopsy-proven IgG4-related disease [65] and in postpartum IgG4-RH [48]. Moreover, low-dose steroid therapy may mask the evidence of systemic increases in the IgG4 level. Wallace et al. found there was no significant gender differences in IgG4-RD patients with regard to age at disease onset, disease severity, organ involvement, or serum IgG4 concentration [62]. Differently, we found males in IgG4-RH were older in age at disease onset, and male had a higher IgG4 concentration and a greater number of involved organs compared to female. The lung, retroperitoneum, kidney, submandibular glands, and pancreas were prevalent involved organs of IgG4-RH. We need to systematically explore these organs in IgG4-RH, especially patients with clinical symptoms of these common involved organs. Certainly, when patients had manifestations of other rare involved organs, we also need to explore them. IgG4-RH as a part of IgG4-RD, we also need to make a comprehensive exploration of the pituitary gland by assessing the level of pituitary hormone and doing a pituitary MRI examination when a patient was diagnosed with IgG4-RD.

Despite pituitary biopsy being an invasive examination and hard to operate, 43 (56.6%) cases were diagnosed by this method. We may reduce the necessity of pituitary biopsy by finding suspicious other organ damage with a careful examination. Currently, there was no clear standard for the treatment of IgG4-RH. Steroid therapy was the first-line treatment. The initial dose of prednisone was usually 0.6 mg/kg/day, and the dose could be regulated for rapid progression or higher body weight. It continued for 1-2 months. The dose was tapered to a maintenance dose (2.5–5 mg/day) over a period of 2-3 months, with a taper of 5 mg every 1-2 weeks. If disease relapsed, the physician might consider a maintenance dose for an extended period of time, up to three years, or a combination of immunosuppressants [66, 67]. For asymptomatic hypophysitis, we could regularly follow-up to evaluate the pituitary hormone level and pituitary MRI morphology. Patients with a lower pituitary hormone level or a larger pituitary gland than before or other involved organ may require cortical therapy. According to our data, 93.8% (n = 60/64) cases showed shrinkage of pituitary size after treatment. However, 5 cases of IgG4-RH relapsed when glucocorticoid were tapered at a low dose in all patients. All of them were men aged from 43 to 75 years. Tabata et al. [68] detected the changes of the serum IgG4 level in 44 cases of IgG4-RD and proposed that the serum IgG4 level can be a predictor of the relapse. We need to confirm it with more data in future.

While the exact etiology of IgG4-RH still remains unclear, its potential association with autoimmune conditions has been frequently reported. This review showed 5 cases (6.1%) were associated with autoimmune diseases, such as hashimoto’s thyroiditis [25, 54], systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [17], and Sjögren syndrome [14]. It was reported that IgG4-RH could be misdiagnosed as malignancy, granulomatous diseases, or tuberculosis [69]. Moreover, the risk of cancer increased threefold in patients with IgG4-RD in comparison to the general population [70], and we should attach importance to this disease.

This review had certain limitations. On the one hand, this review was grounded on case reports and small case series, but case reports not published in the English language were excluded. In addition, some case reports described the clinical data and outcomes very briefly. Consequently, some of the variables were missing. These biases may have an influence on the conclusions of this review. On the other hand, reporting bias due to overreporting of severe cases may lead to an overestimation of the clinical disease. This bias could not be thoroughly ruled out. For rare diseases, such as IgG4-RH, we can establish an online disease registry system to facilitate systematic data collection furthermore.

5. Conclusions

We described clinical features of IgG4-RH. In addition, we revealed that there were different characteristics between different serum IgG4 levels and sexes. However, further clinical studies with larger sample sizes are warranted due to bias and confounding in this review.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in this paper.

Authors’ Contributions

Yujuan Li and Hua Gao contributed equally to this work.

References

H. Umehara, K. Okazaki, Y. Masaki et al., “A novel clinical entity, IgG4-related disease (IgG4RD): general concept and details,” Modern Rheumatology, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Hamano, S. Kawa, A. Horiuchi et al., “High serum IgG4 concentrations in patients with sclerosing pancreatitis,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 344, no. 10, pp. 732–738, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. J. J. van der Vliet and R. M. Perenboom, “Multiple pseudotumors in IgG4-associated multifocal systemic fibrosis,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 141, no. 11, pp. 896-897, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Brito-Zerón, M. Ramos-Casals, X. Bosch, and J. H. Stone, “The clinical spectrum of IgG4-related disease,” Autoimmunity Reviews, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 1203–1210, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Wong, W. Y. Lam, W. K. Wong, and K. C. Lee, “Hypophysitis presented as inflammatory pseudotumor in immunoglobulin G4-related systemic disease,” Human Pathology, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1720–1723, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Leporati, M. A. Landek-Salgado, I. Lupi, L. Chiovato, and P. Caturegli, “IgG4-related hypophysitis: a new addition to the hypophysitis spectrum,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 96, no. 7, pp. 1971–1980, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Moher, A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D. G. Altman, “Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement,” PLoS Medicine, vol. 6, no. 7, Article ID e1000097, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Tanabe, K. Tsushima, M. Yasuo et al., “IgG4-associated multifocal systemic fibrosis complicating sclerosing sialadenitis, hypophysitis, and retroperitoneal fibrosis, but lacking pancreatic involvement,” Internal Medicine, vol. 45, no. 21, pp. 1243–1247, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Yamamoto, H. Takahashi, M. Ohara et al., “A case of Mikulicz’s disease (IgG4-related plasmacytic disease) complicated by autoimmune hypophysitis,” Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 410-411, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Isaka, K. Yoshioka, M. Nishio et al., “A case of IgG4-related multifocal fibrosclerosis complicated by central diabetes insipidus,” Endocrine Journal, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 723–728, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Tsuboi, S. Inokuma, K. Setoguchi et al., “Inflammatory pseudotumors in multiple organs associated with elevated serum IgG4 level: recovery by only a small replacement dose of steroid,” Internal Medicine, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 1139–1142, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Osawa, Y. Ogawa, M. Watanabe, and T. Tominaga, “Hypophysitis presenting with atypical rapid deterioration: with special reference to immunoglobulin G4-related disease,” Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 622–625, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Haraguchi, A. Era, J. Yasui et al., “Putative IgG4-related pituitary disease with hypopituitarism and/or diabetes insipidus accompanied with elevated serum levels of IgG4,” Endocrine Journal, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 719–725, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Hori, N. Makita, T. Andoh et al., “Long-term clinical course of IgG4-related systemic disease accompanied by hypophysitis,” Endocrine Journal, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 485–492, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Nagai, Y. Hara, M. Shinkai et al., “A case of IgG4-related disease with deterioration in pulmonary and pituitary involvements during a 10-year clinical course of inflammatory pseudotumor,” Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 922–928, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
S. M. Patel and J. H. Szostek, “IgG4-related systemic disease in a Native American man,” Internal Medicine, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 931–934, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Nishina, Y. Kaneko, M. Kuwana et al., “IgG4-Related disease without overexpression of IgG4: pathogenesis implications,” Case Reports in Rheumatology, vol. 2012, Article ID 754935, 4 pages, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Hattori, S. Tahara, Y. Ishii et al., “A case of IgG4-related hypophysitis without pituitary insufficiency,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 98, no. 5, pp. 1808–1811, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M.-T. Hsing, H.-T. Hsu, C.-Y. Cheng, and C.-M. Chen, “IgG4-related hypophysitis presenting as a pituitary adenoma with systemic disease,” Asian Journal of Surgery, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 93–97, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Kanoke, Y. Ogawa, M. Watanabe, T. Kumabe, and T. Tominaga, “Autoimmune hypophysitis presenting with intracranial multi-organ involvement: three case reports and review of the literature,” BMC Research Notes, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 560, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Bando, G. Iguchi, H. Fukuoka et al., “The prevalence of IgG4-related hypophysitis in 170 consecutive patients with hypopituitarism and/or central diabetes insipidus and review of the literature,” European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 170, no. 2, pp. 161–172, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Caputo, A. Bazargan, P. A. McKelvie, T. Sutherland, C. S. Su, and W. J. Inder, “Hypophysitis due to IgG4-related disease responding to treatment with azathioprine: an alternative to corticosteroid therapy,” Pituitary, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 251–256, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Iseda, K. Hida, A. Tone et al., “Prednisolone markedly reduced serum IgG4 levels along with the improvement of pituitary mass and anterior pituitary function in a patient with IgG4-related infundibulo-hypophysitis,” Endocrine Journal, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 195–203, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Khong, A. Enno, and B. Darwish, “Lymphoplasmacytic hypophysitis associated with immunoglobulin G4,” Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 342–344, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Ohkubo, T. Sekido, K. Takeshige et al., “Occurrence of IgG4-related hypophysitis lacking IgG4-bearing plasma cell infiltration during steroid therapy,” Internal Medicine, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 753–757, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. A. Sosa, S. Bell, S. B. Christiansen et al., “Histologically confirmed isolated IgG4-related hypophysitis: two case reports in young women,” Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports, vol. 2014, p. 140062, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Harano, K. Honda, Y. Akiyama, L. Kotajima, and H. Arioka, “A case of IgG4-related hypophysitis presented with hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus,” Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports, vol. 8, pp. 23–26, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. S. Imber, H. S. Lee, S. Kunwar, L. S. Blevins, and M. K. Aghi, “Hypophysitis: a single-center case series,” Pituitary, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 630–641, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Joshi, R. Jager, S. Hurel et al., “Cerebral involvement in IgG4-related disease,” Clinical Medicine, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 130–134, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Nakasone, K. Oguchi, Y. Sato et al., “Rapid conversion of autoimmune hypophysitis to an empty sella with immediate lowering of the serum IgG4 level. Case Report,” Neuro Endocrinology Letters, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 112–114, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Ngaosuwan, T. Trongwongsa, and S. Shuangshoti, “Clinical course of IgG4-related hypophysitis presenting with focal seizure and relapsing lymphocytic hypophysitis,” BMC Endocrine Disorders, vol. 15, p. 64, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Tauziede-Espariat, M. Polivka, S. Bouazza et al., “The prevalence of IgG4-positive plasma cells in hypophysitis: a possible relationship to IgG4-related disease,” Clinical Neuropathology, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 181–192, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. I. Alexandraki, M. Kaltsatou, E. Chatzellis et al., “Hypophysitis in IgG4-related disease associated with p-ANCA vasculitis,” The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 129, no. 6, pp. e25–e27, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Bhagwat, P. Tayde, P. Dalwadi, J. Sorabjee, and P. Varthakavi, “Choroba mikulicza-radeckiego z zapaleniem przysadki—nowe zaburzenie związane z IgG4,” Endokrynologia Polska, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 622–626, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Decker, A. M. Crawford, G. Lorenzo, M Stippler, K. N Konstantinov, and K SantaCruz, “IgG4-Related hypophysitis: case report and literature review,” Cureus, vol. 8, no. 12, p. e907, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Patel, W. Mustafa, M. T. Sheaff, and S. Khan, “IgG4-related hypophysitis presenting as diabetes insipidus with tubulo-interstital nephritis and mediastinal lymphadenopathy,” Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports, vol. 2016, no. 1, p. 160024, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Anno, F. Kawasaki, M. Takai et al., “Clinical course of pituitary function and image in IgG4-related hypophysitis,” Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports, vol. 2017, no. 1, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W.-J. Gu, Q. Zhang, J. Zhu, J. Li, S.-H. Wei, and Y.-M. Mu, “Rituximab was used to treat recurrent IgG4-related hypophysitis with ophthalmopathy as the initial presentation: a case report and literature review,” Medicine (Baltimore), vol. 96, no. 24, p. e6934, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. F. Hadjigeorgiou, E. L. Lund, L. Poulsgaard et al., “Intrachiasmatic abscess caused by IgG4-related hypophysitis,” Acta Neurochirurgica, vol. 159, no. 11, pp. 2229–2233, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C.-J. Huang, F.-P. Chang, L.-H. Chang, and J. G.-S. Won, “A study of primary hypophysitis, i.e., two cases of lymphocytic hypophysitis and one IgG4-related variant: the importance of measuring serum IgG4 levels to allow early diagnosis and prompt treatment for the IgG4-related variant,” Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 207–209, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kawasaki, M. Tsujino, F. Sato et al., “IgG4-related hypophysitis with subtle hypopituitarism in an elderly diabetic patient: is treatment or observation preferable?” Internal Medicine, vol. 56, no. 20, pp. 2733–2738, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Lee, J. H. Choi, C. J. Kim, and J. H. Kim, “Clinical interrogation for unveiling an isolated hypophysitis mimicking pituitary adenoma,” World Neurosurgery, vol. 99, pp. 735–744, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Matsuda, A. Saito, Y. Takeuchi, H. Fukami, H. Sato, and T. Nagasawa, “IgG4-related disease manifesting as interstitial nephritis accompanied by hypophysitis,” American Journal of Case Reports, vol. 18, pp. 593–598, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Rotondo, A. Qaddoura, L. V. Syro et al., “Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related hypophysitis,” Endocrine Pathology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 308–314, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. S. Yatabe, K. Watanabe, Y. Hayashi et al., “Overlap of post-obstructive diuresis and unmasked diabetes insipidus in a case of IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis and tuberoinfundibular hypophysitis: a case report and review of the literature,” Internal Medicine, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 47–53, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. R. Bullock, B. S. Miller, H. B. Clark, and P. M. Hobday, “Rituximab treatment for isolated IgG4-related hypophysitis in a teenage female,” Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports, vol. 2018, no. 1, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. J. Guarda, G. P. Méndez, R. Espinosa, R. Gejman, and J. Vega, “Hipofisitis linfoplasmocitaria y fibrosis retroperitoneal asociadas a un síndrome poliglandular autoinmune. Enfermedades relacionadas con IgG4. Caso clínico,” Revista Médica de Chile, vol. 146, no. 12, pp. 1486–1492, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Koide, A. Shiga, E. Komai et al., “Prednisolone-responsive postpartum IgG4-related hypophysitis,” Internal Medicine, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 367–375, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Liu, L. Wang, W. Zhang et al., “Hypophyseal involvement in immunoglobulin G4-related disease: a retrospective study from a single tertiary center,” International Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 2018, Article ID 7637435, 9 pages, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. N. Murphy, A. M. Hannon, F. M. Brett, A. Agha, M. Javadpour, and S. Looby, “IgG4 hypophysitis—a rare and underdiagnosed cause of pituitary gland and stalk mass-like thickening,” British Journal of Neurosurgery, pp. 1–3, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. A. Sosa, P. Fainstein-Day, S. Christiansen, P. Ajler, and C. Yampolsky, “IgG4 related disease presenting as panhypopituitarism and perimacular scotoma,” Medicina (Buenos Aires), vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 194–196, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Tang, G. Ding, J. Xiong et al., “Clivus inflammatory pseudotumor associated with immunoglobulin G4-related disease,” World Neurosurgery, vol. 118, pp. 71–74, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Xue, X.-M. Wang, Y. Li et al., “Highlighting the importance of early diagnosis in progressive multi-organ involvement of IgG4-related disease: a case report and review of literature,” World Journal of Clinical Cases, vol. 6, no. 13, pp. 707–715, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. C. J. Yuen, K. J. Moloney, J. U. Mercado et al., “A case series of atypical features of patients with biopsy-proven isolated IgG4-related hypophysitis and normal serum IgG4 levels,” Pituitary, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 238–246, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Goulam-Houssein, J. L. Grenville, K. Mastrocostas et al., “IgG4-related intracranial disease,” The Neuroradiology Journal, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 29–35, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Kanie, H. Bando, G. Iguchi et al., “IgG4-related hypophysitis in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis,” Pituitary, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 54–61, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Vauchot, A. Bourdon, B. Hay, D. Mariano-Goulart, and F. Ben Bouallegue, “Therapeutic response to rituximab in IgG4-related hypophysitis evidenced on 18F-fdg PET and MRI,” Clinical Nuclear Medicine, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. e362–e363, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Yoshida, T. Kondo, Y. Hosokawa et al., “A rare case of IgG4-related disease presenting as a unilateral severe dacryoadenitis complicated by hypophysitis and hypertrophic pachymeningitis,” Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, p. 1, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Caturegli, I. Lupi, M. Landek-Salgado, H. Kimura, and N. R. Rose, “Pituitary autoimmunity: 30 years later,” Autoimmunity Reviews, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 631–637, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Shikuma, K. Kan, R. Ito et al., “Critical review of IgG4-related hypophysitis,” Pituitary, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 282–291, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Khare, V. S. Jagtap, S. R. Budyal et al., “Primary (autoimmune) hypophysitis: a single centre experience,” Pituitary, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 16–22, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. S. Wallace, V. Deshpande, H. Mattoo et al., “IgG4-related disease: clinical and laboratory features in one hundred twenty-five patients,” Arthritis & Rheumatology, vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 2466–2475, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. N. Carruthers, A. Khosroshahi, T. Augustin, V. Deshpande, and J. H. Stone, “The diagnostic utility of serum IgG4 concentrations in IgG4-related disease,” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 14–18, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Masaki, L. Dong, N. Kurose et al., “Proposal for a new clinical entity, IgG4-positive multiorgan lymphoproliferative syndrome: analysis of 64 cases of IgG4-related disorders,” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 1310–1315, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. P. Sah and S. T. Chari, “Serologic issues in IgG4-related systemic disease and autoimmune pancreatitis,” Current Opinion in Rheumatology, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 108–113, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Kamisawa, T. Shimosegawa, K. Okazaki et al., “Standard steroid treatment for autoimmune pancreatitis,” Gut, vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 1504–1507, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Kamisawa, K. Okazaki, S. Kawa et al., “Amendment of the Japanese consensus guidelines for autoimmune pancreatitis, 2013 III. Treatment and prognosis of autoimmune pancreatitis,” Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 961–970, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Tabata, T. Kamisawa, K. Takuma et al., “Serial changes of elevated serum IgG4 levels in IgG4-related systemic disease,” Internal Medicine, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 69–75, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. P. Alamino, L. R. Espinoza, and A. H. Zea, “The great mimicker: IgG4-related disease,” Clinical Rheumatology, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1267–1273, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Yamamoto, H. Takahashi, T. Tabeya et al., “Risk of malignancies in IgG4-related disease,” Modern Rheumatology, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 414–418, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2019 Yujuan Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

2293

Downloads

1412

Citations