Selenium and Thyroid Disease: From Pathophysiology to Treatment

Table 1

Studies investigating selenium intake and concentration in water and food in Europe.

Country	Study	Subject number	Se intake/water and food content
UK [48]	Longitudinal study of healthy British adults; using biochemical and molecular biomarkers	63	Women: 43 μg/day; Men: 54 μg/day; Average intake: 54 μg/day
Spain [49]	Food intake and serum selenium concentration; in elderly people	205	Women: 94.4 ± 23.6 μg/day; Men: 107.1 ± 32.2 μg/day
France [50]	Case-control study of Se in people exposed to; Se concentration in drinking water greater; than the maximum recommended limit; (10 μg/L) using an FFQ	40 exposed subjects and; 40 nonexposed controls	Exposed subjects’ intake: 64 ± 14 μg/day; Nonexposed subjects’ intake: 52 ± 14 μg/day
Belgium [4]	To determine the Se status of the population	800 food products	Mean dietary Se intake: 60 μg/day
Republic of Slovenia [51]	Cross-sectional study to assess Se status during; 3 months of basic military training in a group; of recruits using analysis of diet samples	15 recruits	48 ± 10 μg/day
Italy [52]	Cross-sectional study of Se concentration; in human milk after delivery compared to; infant intake of Se from breast milk	242 women and their; breastfeeding infants	Mean serum selenium concentration; in milk: 12.1 ± 3.0 ng/g; Mean selenium intake in infants: 9.5 ± 2.4 μg/day
Northern Ireland [53]	Case-control study of chronic heart failure; patients using a 4-day food diary	37	Selenium intake: 40.4–43.0 μg/day