|
| Surface | Strategy | SAMs terminal group | +Ligand | Effect | Ref. |
|
| Bioactive osseointegration | Covalent binding of osseointegration molecules | Maleimide | CGGRGDS-NH2 | Efficient and specific attachment of 3T3 fibroblasts | [108] |
| Chloracetylated | Ac-CGGGRGDSP-NH2 | Fibroblast adhesion and spreading | [109] |
| Azide (click chemistry reaction) | RGDSP | Minimal nonspecific protein adsorption (lysozyme and proteins in fetal bovine serum) and selective adhesion and spreading of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Moreover, RGDSP intermolecular spacing of 36 nm or less (≥0.01 mol% on the surface) is sufficient for hMSC adhesion and a spacing of 11 nm or less (≥0.05 mol% on the surface) is sufficient for cell spreading and focal adhesion complex formation | [110] |
| Phosphonates | Engineered fusion protein comprising cutinase and sections of fibronectin (FnIII10) | Leaves the cutinase bound to the surface, but the attached protein extends into the ambient solution with a defined orientation. Substrates presenting cutinase-FnIII10-mediated rapid attachment and spreading of Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, while substrates presenting cutinase or the phosphonate ligand alone did not support cell attachment | [111] |
| Hydroquinone5 | RGD cyclopentadiene | Promotes Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts attachment, spreading, and migration from surface with adsorbed fibronectin to immobilized RGD | [112] |
|
| Antiadhesive | — | Ethylene glycol, HS(CH2)11(OCH2CH2)nOH (EGn, n = 3–7 or OEG) | — | Low adsorption of several blood proteins such as albumin, heparin, and thrombin as well as blood cell adhesion of leukocytes and platelets | [92, 93, 113–116] |
| Prevents H. pylori adhesion and significantly reduces the viability of adhered bacteria | [86] |
| SAMs prepared with latent aldehyde and OEG terminal showed high protein resistance (IgG) and ability to efficiently bound small bioligands or small heterobifunctional crosslinkers with hydrazide functions to the aldehyde functions on the SAM | [117] |
| SAMs prepared with anhydride having H2N(EG)n = 3 − 6-H resist nonspecific protein adsorption (fibrinogen, lysozyme, and ribonuclease A) similar to a single-component SAMs involving chemisorption of OEG-terminated alkanethiols on gold | [118] |
| Mixed SAMs (HS-EG6-COOH + HS-EG3-OH) resist to adsorption of cytochrome c and lysozyme | [119] |
| Biotin-containing SAMs having an ethylene glycol background improve the selectivity to streptavidin, by avoiding nonspecific protein adsorption, and to subsequent biotin-labelled molecules with a right surface orientation | [105, 120–122] |
| A natural direct thrombin inhibitor (boophilin) was successfully expressed, purified, biotinylated, and immobilized on biotin SAMs, able to adsorb thrombin in a selective way to delay surface-induced plasma coagulation, and so be used for the development of novel hemocompatible materials for blood-contacting devices | [107] |
|
| Antibacterial | Covalent binding of antibacterial molecules | Anhydride3 | N-α-Ac-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (N-R-Ac-KDADA) | Biospecific interaction of vancomycin with this fragment from the bacterial cell wall | [123] |
| Free carboxylic acid4 (HS-EG6-COOH + HS-EG3-OH) + EDC/NHS chemistry | Anti-E. coli O157:H7 | SPR biosensor with alkane monothiol surface was demonstrated to be very rapid, sensitive, and specific for potential application in detection of E. coli O157:H7 | [124] |
| Magainin I | Reduces by more than 50% the adhesion of bacteria (L. ivanovii, E. faecalis, and S. aureus) at the surface, together with the killing of the bacteria that nonetheless adhered to the surface | [125] |
| Biotin | Biotin-H. pylori glycan structures | Several biotinylated adhesins specific to different strains of H. pylori were bound onto biotin SAMs showing that these immobilized ligands maintain an ability to specifically bind H. pylori and thus offering new insights into innovative strategies against H. pylori infection based on the scavenging of bacteria from the stomach using specific H. pylori-chelating biomaterials | [126] |
|
