The Contributive Role of IGFBP-3 and Mitochondria in Synoviocyte-Induced Osteoarthritis through Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury: A Pathogenesis-Focused Literature Review

Figure 3

MPT and cell fate during ischemia-reperfusion and hypoxia/reoxygenation (adapted from Weiss et al. [39]). MPT occurs during ischemia or hypoxia injury. Cytosolic Ca²⁺ becomes elevated and is driven into the matrix. During mitochondria depolarization, accumulated matrix Ca²⁺ flows down its electrochemical gradient back into the cytoplasm. Cell fate depends on the degree of mitochondria depolarization. Abbreviations: Ca: calcium; LCFA: long-chain fatty acids; MPT: mitochondrial permeability transition; Pi: inorganic phosphate; ROS: reactive oxygen species.