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| OMIM (gene) | Protein | Clinical picture | OMIM (phenotype) | Age at onset | MRI pattern | Reported cases | References |
|
DARS2 | *610956 | mt aspartyl-tRNA synthetase | Cerebellar ataxia, spasticity, dorsal column dysfunction, cognitive impairment | #611105 | Childhood/adulthood | Leukoencephalopathy with brain stem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL) | >30 families | [17–24] |
|
RARS2 | *611524 | mt arginyl-tRNA synthetase | Encephalopathy with lethargia, hypotonia, epilepsy, and microcephaly | #611523 | Perinatal | Pontocerebellar hypoplasia, brain stem thinning | >10 families | [25–28] |
|
YARS2 | *610957 | mt tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase | Myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia (MLASA) | #613561 | Childhood | None | 3 families | [29–31] |
|
SARS2 | *612804 | mt seryl-tRNA synthetase | Hyperuricemia, pulmonary hypertension, renal failure, and alkalosis (HUPRA) | #613845 | Perinatal | None | 4 families | [32] |
|
AARS2 | *612035 | mt alanyl-tRNA synthetase | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, delayed motor development, cerebellar ataxia | #612035 | Childhood | None | 7 families | [33, 34] |
|
MARS2 | *609728 | mt methionyl-tRNA synthetase | Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia | / | Childhood/adulthood | Cerebellar atrophy and white matter alterations, thin corpus callosum | 1 family | [35] |
|
HARS2 | *600783 | mt histidyl-tRNA synthetase | Sensorineural hearing loss and ovarian dysgenesis (Perrault syndrome) | #614926 | Childhood/adulthood | None | 1 family | [36] |
|
LARS2 | *604544 | mt leucyl-tRNA synthetase | Sensorineural hearing loss and ovarian dysgenesis (Perrault syndrome) | #615300 | Childhood/adulthood | None | 1 family | [37] |
|
FARS2 | *611592 | mt phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase | Epileptic encephalopathy, liver disease, and lactic acidosis | #614946 | Perinatal | Cerebral and cerebellar, brain stem and basal ganglia atrophy | 3 families | [38, 39] |
|
EARS2 | *612799 | mt glutamyl-tRNA synthetase | Global developmental delay or arrest, epilepsy, dystonia, spasticity, and high lactate | #614924 | Early childhood | Leukoencephalopathy with thalamus and brain stem involvement and high lactate (LTBL) | 12 families | [40, 41] |
|
VARS2 | *612802 | mt valyl-tRNA synthetase | Psychomotor delay, seizures, facial dysmorphism, lactic acidosis | / | Childhood | Hyperintense lesions in the insula and frontotemporal right cortex | 1 family | [42] |
|
TARS2 | *612805 | mt threonyl-tRNA synthetase | Psychomotor delay, hypotonia | / | Perinatal/early childhood | Thin corpus callosum, bilateral lesion of the pallidum | 1 family | [42] |
|
GARS | *600287 | Glycyl-tRNA synthetase | Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease 2D or distal hereditary motor neuropathy VA | #601472, #600794 | Childhood/adulthood | None | >8 families | [43–50] |
|
KARS | *601421 |
Lysyl-tRNA synthetase | Autosomal recessive CMT (intermediate, B) | #613641 | Childhood/adulthood | None | 4 families | [51, 52] |
|