|
Drug | Mechanism of action | Cancer type | Confirmed autophagy inducer |
|
Mitophagy | | | |
1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine | DNA synthesis inhibitor [44, 45], mPTP opener [46] | Leukemia [47], lymphoma [48] | no |
Butyrate | mPTP opener [49, 50] | Leukemia [51] | yes [50] |
Doxorubicin | mPTP opener [46] | Breast [52], lung, melanoma, sarcoma [53] | yes [54] |
Etoposide | Topoisomerase inhibitor [55], mPTP opener [46] | Gastric [56], Kaposi’s sarcoma [57], lung [58] | yes [59] |
Lonidamine | Hexokinase inhibitor [60], mPTP opener [61] | Brain, lung, ovarian [60] | no |
Paclitaxel | Microtubule stabilizer [62], mPTP opener [63] | Breast [64], head and neck [65], Kaposi's sarcoma [66], lung [67], ovarian [68] | yes [69] |
Vinorelbine | Microtubule formation inhibitor, mPTP opener [70] | Breast [71], lung [72] | yes [73] |
|
Nucleophagy | | | |
1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine | DNA synthesis inhibitor [44, 45], mPTP opener [46] | Leukemia [47], lymphoma [48] | no |
Camptothecin | Topoisomerase inhibitor [74] | Gastric [75], lung [76], pancreatic [77] | yes [78] |
Cisplatin | DNA intercalating agent [79] | Ovarian [68], lung [68] | yes [80] |
Etoposide | Topoisomerase inhibitor [55], mPTP opener [46] | Lung [58], gastric [56], Kaposi’s sarcoma [57] | yes [59] |
|
Ubiquitin-mediated autophagy | | | |
Bortezomib | Proteasome inhibitor [81–83] | Mantle cell lymphoma [84], multiple myeloma [85] | yes [81–83] |
NPI-0052 | Proteasome inhibitor [86] | Leukemia [87], multiple myeloma [88] | yes [86] |
|