Review Article
SPR-Based Sensor for the Early Detection or Monitoring of Kidney Problems
Table 1
Recent progress on SPR-based sensors for a variety of detection targets associated with kidney problems.
| | References | Sensor configuration | Analyte | Detection range | Sensitivity | Limit of detection (LOD) |
| | [55] | Kretschmann: Au/nonenzymatic | Urea | 50–800 mM | 1.4 × 10−3 °/mM | — | | Kretschmann: Au/enzymatic (urease) | Urea | 50–800 mM | 1.62 × 10−2 °/mM | — | | Kretschmann: Au/nonenzymatic | Creatinine | 10–200 mM | 4 × 10−3 °/mM | — | | Kretschmann: Au/enzymatic (creatininase) | Creatinine | 10–200 mM | 1 × 10−2 °/mM | — | | [57] | Kretschmann: Au | Creatinine | 0.05–1 mM | 11.6 cm−2 μM | 3.118 × 10−2 mM | | Kretschmann: Au/AgNPs (0 min after the mixture) | Creatinine | 0.01–1 mM | 21.2 cm−2 μM | 2.53 × 10−3 mM | | Kretschmann: Au/AgNPs (20 min after the mixture | Creatinine | 0.01–1 mM | 86.3 cm−2 μM | 1.9 × 10−4 mM | | [28] | Kretschmann: Au/N-methacryloyl-(l)-histidine methyl ester (MAH) | Creatinine | 1–100 mM | — | 5.7 × 10−2—1.9 × 10−1 mM | | [88] | LSPR : SERS with AuNPs inserted into the channel of BRDVD substrate | Urea | — | — | 9.9 × 10−3 mM | | Creatinine | — | — | 1.7 × 10−3 mM | | [89] | LSPR : Au@MIL-101(Fe) | Creatinine | 10−3—10−1 mM | — | 1 × 10−4 mM | | [56] | Optical fiber/Ag/Si—enzymatic | Urea | 0–180 mM | — | — | | [54] | Optical fiber/Au thin film/AuNPs— enzymatic | Urea | 50 to 800 mM | 0.06013 nm/mM | — | | Optical fiber/Au thin film/AuNPs—nonenzymatic | Urea | 50 to 800 mM | 0.04537 nm/mM | — | | [42] | Optical fiber/Au thin film/GOD (covalent binding) | Glucose | 0–2.8 mM | 15.38 nm/mM | 2.2 × 10−3 mM | | [90] | Optical fiber/Au thin film/GOD (gel embedding) | Glucose | 0–4.5 mM | 2.52 nm/mM | 1.2 × 10−1 mM | | [72] | Kretschmann: Au–Cr (670 nm) | Glucose | 4–12 mM | 3.41 × 10−3 °/mM | 4 mM | | Kretschmann: Au–Cr (785 nm) | Glucose | 55–277 mM | 2.73 × 10−3 °/mM | 55 mM | | [91] | Optical fiber/Ag/Si | Uric acid | 0–0.9 mM | 10.5 nm/mM | 3.2 × 10−3 mM | | [92] | LSPR—otto: Si/SiO2/Au/uricase-uric acid/prism | Uric acid | 0.05–1 mM | 21.6°/mM | 2 × 10−2 mM | | [44] | Kretschmann: Uric acid imprinted Poly(HEMA-MAC)- Fe3+NPs/Au/prism | Uric acid | 2.9 × 10−4—2.3 × 10−1 mM | — | 1.5 × 10−4 mM | | [14] | LSPR : SERS with PIB/AuNS | Dopamine | 10−9—10−5 mM | — | 1 × 10−9 mM | | [27] | Kretschmann: CS-GQDs/Au | Dopamine | 10−12—10−9 mM | 0.011°/fM | 1 × 10−12 mM | | [93] | Calorimetric LSPR sensors based on CDs-Au NPs | Dopamine | 8.1 × 10−4—1.68 × 10−2 mM | — | 2.3 × 10−4 mM | | [94] | Optical fiber/AgNPs | Dopamine | 2 × 10−4—3 × 10−2 mM | 3 nm/μM | 2 × 10−4 mM | | Pneumophila | — | — | 1 |
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