Layer-by-Layer Fabrication of PAH/PAMAM/Nano-CaCO₃ Composite Films and Characterization for Enhanced Biocompatibility

Table 2

Instruments used for characterization of the synthetic nanocomposites.

Instrument	Evaluation function
Dimension 3100 atomic force microscope	Film structure and surface morphology
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)	Surface morphology of calcium carbonate nanoparticles and composite films
D/MAX-RC diffractometer (Rigaku, Japan)	Identification of the crystal structure, crystalline phases present in the composites, and the chemical composition
Micro-Raman spectrometer (Horiba)	CaCO3 mineralization in the composites and spatial distribution
CHI760 E electrochemical workstation	Cyclic voltammetry scanning (CV) and electrochemical impedance (EIS)
Zeiss Leica inverted reflectance laser scanning confocal microscope	Cell morphology