Comparative Effect of Incorporation of ZrO₂, TiO₂, and SiO₂ Nanoparticles on the Strength and Surface Properties of PMMA Denture Base Material: An In Vitro Study

Table 1

The study’s materials.

Trade name	Manufacturer	Specifications
Vertex	Vertex Dental, Netherlands	Powder: polymethyl methacrylate, 500gm
		Liquid: phthalyl butyl glycolate, ethanol, 250 ml
ZrO2 nanoparticles	NanoGATE, Ciro, Egypt	Spherical, white, and tetragonal particles (12 ± 3 nm; purity >99%)
TiO2 nanoparticles	NanoGATE, Ciro, Egypt	Spherical, white, and anatase particles (15 ± 3 nm; purity >99%)
SiO2 nanoparticles	NanoGATE, Ciro, Egypt	Spherical, white, and amorphous particles (21 ± 3 nm; purity >99%)
Silane coupling agent	Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH	Purity 98%, ethanol 99.7%, lot no. 440159
	Riedstrasse2, Germany