Review Article

Advancements in the Use of Hydrogels for Regenerative Medicine: Properties and Biomedical Applications

Table 1

A summary of some of the main applications of hydrogels in biomedicine and regenerative medicine.

Hydrogel materialApplicationsRef.

Synthetic

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)(i) PVA hydrogel seeded with adipose-derived stem cells for wound dressing, promoting wound healing through stem cell delivery in vitro and in vivo.[122]

Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)(i) Tuning of alginate and PEG hydrogels allows fibroblast proliferation and increases osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.
(ii) Photoclickable PEG hydrogels as a 3D cell culture scaffold for adult mouse cardiomyocytes, exhibiting biomimetic physiological and pathological microenvironments
[123, 124]

Naturals

Hyaluronic acid (HA)(i) Peptide-modified HA hydrogels to culture NSCs. Resulting in increased differentiation towards oligodendrocytes and neurons over 2D cultures on laminin-coated glass.
(ii) Localized delivery of therapeutic cargo to CNS damage areas.
(iii) Local delivery of BDNF on brain injury sites provoked by stroke.
[125127]

Chitosan(i) Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and collagen-chitosan scaffolds to traumatic brain injury rats.
(ii) Capacity to stand sufficient physiological activity of primary cultured neuronal cells.
(iii) Skin infection control. Improved antimicrobial effect against S. aureus and S. epidermidis
[128, 129]

Collagen(i) Three-dimensional collagen/silk fibroin scaffold (3D-CF) with cavities that simulate the anatomy of normal spinal cord.
(ii) Wound dressing for refractory skin wounds accelerates the healing of deep second-degree burn wounds and the generation of new skin appendages.
(iii) Nervous regeneration. In vitro study for peripheral nerve damage treatment.
(iv) Bone tissue engineering. By developing a bone graft structure that can heal bone defects, having in vitro results of cellular proliferation and in vivo results of potential bone healing hydrogel.
(v) Tissue regeneration in skin defects. Fabrication of bio-nano hydrogel systems demonstrating rapid tissue regeneration at the wound site in in vivo tests.
[130133]

Alginate(i) Neuroprotector for ischemic brain cells.
(ii) Development of electroactive nanocomposite hydrogel. In vitro tests proved PC12 cells proliferate and spread evidently.
(iii) Bone regeneration. Sustained delivery for bone regeneration in osteoporosis by in vitro and in vivo analysis
[134136]

Fibrin(i) Cavity repair resulting from a stroke.
(ii) Neural progenitor cell delivery in spinal cord injury. Cell/neural tissue-compatible biomaterial for improving NPC in vivo survival.
[137, 138]

Gelatin(i) Drug delivery. Improves wound healing and skin flap survival by the sustained release of basic fibroblast growth factor.
(ii) Skin protection. Excellent UV protection properties and broad absorption of UV across UVA and UVB regions.
(iii) Nerve regeneration scaffold. Ideal microstructure to prevent fibrous tissue ingrowth into the injury site.
[139141]

Decellularized matrices(i) Neural stem/progenitor cell microenvironment reconstruction, axonal regeneration, and spinal cord injury.
(ii) Nervous regeneration. A hydrogel derived from porcine decellularized nerve tissue to repair peripheral nerve defects.
(iii) Wound healing. The hydrogel yields significantly advanced wound closure in 24 h via the human dermal fibroblast scratch model.
[142144]