Potentials of Biochars Derived from Bamboo Leaf Biomass as Energy Sources: Effect of Temperature and Time of Heating

Table 3

Elemental composition determined by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) for carbon and oxygen (see Table 4 for the details of all elements detected by EDS).

Element	Temperature (°C)	Time (s)	Reference [30]	Reference [29]	Reference [28]	Experimental
Carbon	250	30	41.21	18.16	35.13	29.68
		60	35.13	13.34	29.06	30.87
		90	36.95	14.53	35.76	28.50
	300	30	34.22	15.44	30.59	41.49
		60	36.04	13.62	29.34	30.59
		90	30.59	11.81	27.52	27.52
	350	30	30.10	10.39	25.07	30.01
		60	18.37	3.05	20.20	20.20
		90	9.19	-3.01	12.21	11.66
Hydrogen	250	30	4.18	4.06	3.61	—
		60	3.99	3.67	3.10	—
		90	5.52	4.11	3.67	—
	300	30	6.12	3.64	3.25	—
		60	3.76	3.76	3.38	—
		90	4.14	3.51	2.94	—
	350	30	3.33	3.39	2.69	—
		60	2.62	2.88	2.30	—
		90	2.75	2.24	1.54	—
Oxygen	250	30	21.59	25.44	24.88	34.22
		60	22.73	22.16	22.16	40.22
		90	29.80	26.01	25.44	42.43
	300	30	29.49	21.78	22.92	34.41
		60	20.14	22.35	21.78	36.56
		90	21.78	20.14	20.71	40.98
	350	30	18.56	17.49	18.06	38.83
		60	16.92	15.28	16.35	39.40
		90	16.35	9.28	10.92	47.61