Influence of Vanadium 4+ and 5+ Ions on the Differentiation and Activation of Human Osteoclasts

Figure 3

Assessment of bone resorption. The images show a representative example of resorption pits (dark spots) on dentine slides after 21 days of incubation under different culture conditions. (a) Untreated osteoclasts. (b) Osteoclasts + 4 μM vanadium 4⁺ ions.

(a)

(b)