Research Article
Comparative Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of Breast Self-Examination among Female Secondary and Tertiary School Students in Ghana
Table 2
Participants knowledge on BSE stratified by their educational level.
| | Variable | Total, | SHS, | Tertiary, | x2, df | p-value | | n | n | n |
| | Have you heard of BSE | | | | | 0.0006 | | Yes | 942(90.9) | 311(33.0) | 631(67.0) | | | | No | 94(9.1) | 48(51.1) | 46(48.9) | | | | Is it necessary to perform BSE | | | | | 0.011 | | Yes | 1006(97.1) | 355(35.3) | 651(64.7) | | | | No | 30(2.9) | 4(13.3) | 26(86.7) | | | | BSE is a practice to detect BC early | | | | | 0.003 | | Yes | 949(91.6) | 316(33.3) | 633(66.7) | | | | No | 87(8.4) | 43(49.4) | 44(50.6) | | | | Areas to examine when performing BSE | | | | | | | Breast | | | | | 0.635 | | Yes | 991(95.7) | 342(34.5) | 649(65.5) | | | | No | 45(4.3) | 17(37.8) | 28(62.2) | | | | Armpit | | | | | <0.0001 | | Yes | 448(43.2) | 120(26.8) | 328(73.2) | | | | No | 558(53.9) | 239(42.8) | 349(62.5) | | | | Between breast and collarbone | | | | | <0.0001 | | Yes | 654(63.1) | 258(39.4) | 396(60.6) | | | | No | 382(36.9) | 101(26.4) | 281(73.6) | | | | How often must BSE be performed | | | | 24.0,4 | <0.0001 | | Weekly | 186(18.0) | 58(31.2) | 128(68.8) | | | | Monthly | 475(45.8) | 186(39.2) | 289(60.8) | | | | Yearly | 76(7.3) | 37(48.7) | 39(51.3) | | | | Anytime | 250(24.1) | 60(24.0) | 190(76.0) | | | | Don't know | 49(4.7) | 18(36.7) | 31(63.3) | | | | When is the right time to perform BSE | | | | 11.0,4 | 0.03 | | Before menstruation | 129(12.5) | 42(32.6) | 87(67.4) | | | | During menstruation | 26(2.5) | 16(61.5) | 10(38.5) | | | | After menstruation | 219(21.1) | 66(30.1) | 153(69.9) | | | | Anytime | 590(56.9) | 209(35.4) | 381(64.6) | | | | Don't know | 72(6.9) | 26(36.1) | 46(63.9) | | | | Postures for BSE | | | | | | | Standing | | | | | 0.426 | | Yes | 426(41.1) | 154(36.2) | 272(63.8) | | | | no | 610(58.9) | 205(33.6) | 405(66.4) | | | | Lying down | | | | | <0.0001 | | Yes | 653(63.0) | 268(41.0) | 385(59.0) | | | | No | 383(37.0) | 91(23.8) | 292(76.2) | | | | Sitting | | | | | <0.0001 | | Yes | 207(20.0) | 157(75.8) | 50(24.2) | | | | No | 829(80.0) | 202(24.4) | 627(75.6) | | | | Is mirror required for BSE | | | | | 0.99 | | Yes | 603(58.2) | 210(34.8) | 393(65.2) | | | | No | 67(6.5) | 23(34.3) | 44(65.7) | | | | Part of the hand used | | | | 4.0,3 | 0.266 | | Finger tips | 603(58.2) | 206(34.2) | 397(65.8) | | | | Middle part of fingers | 197(19.0) | 60(30.5) | 137(69.5) | | | | Palm | 168(16.2) | 66(39.3) | 102(60.7) | | | | Don't know | 68(6.6) | 27(39.7) | 41(60.3) | | | | In one step the hands are raised | | | | | 0.038 | | Yes | 908(87.6) | 304(33.5) | 604(66.5) | | | | No | 128(12.4) | 55(43.0) | 73(57.0) | | | | Direction of hand movement during BSE | | | | 6.0,2 | 0.047 | | Random | 197(19.0) | 82(41.6) | 115(58.4) | | | | Clockwise | 771(74.4) | 251(32.6) | 520(67.4) | | | | Don't know | 68(6.6) | 26(38.2) | 42(61.8) | | | | The pressure applied in BSE is | | | | 56.0,3 | <0.0001 | | Constant | 438(42.3) | 114(26.0) | 324(74.0) | | | | Varied | 150(14.5) | 44(29.3) | 106(70.7) | | | | Of constant and varying degrees | 332(32.0) | 168(50.6) | 164(49.4) | | | | Don't know | 116(11.2) | 33(28.4) | 83(71.6) | | | | Level of knowledge | | | | | 0.002 | | Low | 471(45.5) | 187(39.7) | 284(60.3) | | | | High | 565(54.5) | 172(30.4) | 393(69.6) | | |
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SHS= senior high school, BSE= breast self-examination, BC= breast cancer, df= degree of freedom.
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