Simulation of Severe Local Storm by Mesoscale Model MM5 and Validation Using Data from Different Platforms

Table 1

Physical schemes used.

Process	Cloud microphysics	Cumulus parameterization	Planatary boundary layer process	Land surface process	Radiation
Scheme	Schultz [22]	Grell [23]	MRF	Five-layer soil model [24]	Cloud radiation scheme
Description	In Schultz scheme, the NWP explicit microphysics (NEM) algorithm includes five categories of condensate, which are cloud liquid (c) with zero fall velocity, cloud ice (p) also called pristine crystal, rain (r), snow (s), and precipitating ice (i). The last case includes graupel, sleet, and hail.	Grell et al. [21] scheme is Arakawa-Schubert [25] type spectral, single-cloud parameterization scheme with updraft and moist convective scale downdraft fluxes and compensating motion determining heating/moistening profile. This scheme is based on the rate of destabilization or quasi-equilibrium, where shear effects on precipitation efficiency have been considered.	MRF PBL or Hong-Pan PBL scheme is suitable for high-resolution in PBL like Blackadar scheme. This boundary layer diffusion package is based on Troen-Mahrt representation of countergradient term and K profile in the well mixed PBL.	In five-layer soil model, temperature is predicted in the layers at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 cm depth (approximately) with fixed substrate below, using vertical diffusion equation.	Cloud radiation scheme is a sophisticated scheme which accounts for longwave and shortwave interactions with explicit cloud and clear air. This scheme predicts atmospheric temperature tendencies, and surface radiation fluxes.