Robust Synthesis Algorithm for Directional Modulation Signal with Array Manifold Vectors Uncertainty

Figure 3

The principle of the proposed ACE method, where the black dots denote the standard QPSK symbols, the red dots denote an example of synthesis symbols based on ACE method, the gray area is the extension area of the proposed ACE method, a black line with arrows at both ends denotes the minimum Euclidean distance of standard QPSK symbols at the desired direction, and a red line with arrows at both ends denotes an example of the minimum Euclidean distance of the proposed ACE method.