Optimal Pattern Synthesis of Linear Array and Broadband Design of Whip Antenna Using Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm

Table 3

The maximum SLL of linear array and the location of each element after optimization.

Algorithms	SLL (dB)	Null (dB)	Optimized element positions (units: )
Conv.	−−13.5	−19	0.25	0.75	1.25	1.75	2.25	2.75	3.25	3.75
			4.25	4.75	5.25	5.75	6.25	6.75	7.25	7.75
QPM [20]	−17.8	−45	0.245	0.725	1.125	1.595	1.980	2.335	2.685	3.055
			3.460	3.925	4.445	5.030	5.665	6.325	7.005	7.675
CSO [14]	−18.2	−80	0.288	0.683	1.193	1.520	1.977	2.325	2.689	3.136
			3.485	3.954	4.382	4.925	5.482	6.209	7.041	7.750
PSO [10]	−18.6	−60	0.265	0.685	1.175	1.555	1.985	2.330	2.665	3.055
			3.430	3.900	4.380	4.950	5.550	6.240	7.050	7.755
MSMO [29]	−23.85	−60	0.216	0.631	1.014	1.470	2.015	2.386	2.784	3.310
			3.824	4.417	4.919	5.504	6.298	7.148	7.998	8.847
EFA [30]	−23.90	−60	0.239	0.557	1.092	1.483	1.953	2.386	2.817	3.257
			3.869	4.422	4.888	5.499	6.299	7.145	7.995	8.845
BFP [31]	−23.99	−62	0.282	0.583	1.147	1.419	1.928	2.340	2.907	3.337
			3.770	4.386	4.978	5.558	6.257	7.141	8.047	8.851
GOA	−24.61	−90	0.287	0.574	1.024	1.384	1.906	2.220	2.778	3.173
			3.656	4.168	4.753	5.333	5.999	6.831	7.766	8.571