A General 3D Nonstationary Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channel Model Allowing 3D Arbitrary Trajectory and 3D-Shaped Antenna Array

Zhu, Qiuming; Li, Weidong; Yang, Ying; Xu, Dazhuan; Zhong, Weizhi; Chen, Xiaomin

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8708762

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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Advanced Simulation Methods of Antennas and Radio Propagation for 5G and Beyond Communications Systems

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 8708762 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8708762

A General 3D Nonstationary Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channel Model Allowing 3D Arbitrary Trajectory and 3D-Shaped Antenna Array

Qiuming Zhu,¹Weidong Li,¹Ying Yang,¹Dazhuan Xu,¹Weizhi Zhong,²and Xiaomin Chen¹

Guest Editor: Danping He

Received01 May 2019

Accepted25 Aug 2019

Published20 Oct 2019

Abstract

Most of the existing channel model for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications only considered that the terminals were equipped with linear antenna arrays and moved with fixed velocities. Nevertheless, under the realistic environment, those models are not practical since the velocities and trajectories of mobile transmitter (MT) and mobile receiver (MR) could be time-variant and unpredictable due to the complex traffic conditions. This paper develops a general 3D nonstationary V2V channel model, which is based on the traditional geometry-based stochastic models (GBSMs) and the twin-cluster approach. In contrast to the traditional models, this new model is characterized by 3D scattering environments, 3D antenna arrays, and 3D arbitrary trajectories of both terminals and scatterers. The calculating methods of channel parameters are also provided. In addition, the statistical properties, i.e., spatial-temporal correlation function (STCF) and Doppler power spectrum density (DPSD), are derived in detail. Simulation results have demonstrated that the output statistical properties of the proposed model agree well with the theoretical and measured results, which verifies the effectiveness of theoretical derivations and channel model as well.

1. Introduction

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications can improve the safety of life and property by collecting and exchanging environment information under complex traffic [1]. Meanwhile, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technologies can expand the capacity and improve the communication efficiency. It is promising to apply MIMO technologies to V2V communications. To provide reasonable references for developing, analyzing, and testing V2V communication systems, a general, accurate, and easy-to-use channel model is required. Moreover, the movements, insufficient antenna space, and lack of rich scattering should be considered in channel modeling and statistical property analysis [2–7].

The wide-sense stationary (WSS) assumption was adopted in the traditional geometry-based stochastic models (GBSMs) [5, 8]. Nevertheless, the authors in [9, 10] found that the WSS was only suitable for short distances between transmitters and receivers based on the measured data. Several GBSMs for nonstationary V2V channels are proposed in the literature [11–25]. Among them, 2D nonstationary V2V GBSMs with fixed clusters [11, 12] or moving scatterers [13] were studied and the statistical properties, i.e., the temporal correlation function (TCF), spatial correlation function (SCF), and Doppler power spectrum density (DPSD), were also analyzed. The authors in [14] proposed a 2D V2V channel model with random movement scatterers. The aforementioned 2D channel models were only considered on the horizontal plane. Under the realistic scenarios, the scatterers, e.g., vehicles, pedestrian, and infrastructures, may distribute or move in the 3D space. Meanwhile, the authors in [7] have proved that the 3D channel model is more accurate than the 2D ones for evaluating the system performance. By extending the scatterers distributed on the surface of 3D regular shapes, i.e., a hemisphere [15], two cylinders [16, 17], two spheres [18], an elliptic-cylinder [19], a rectangular tunnel [20], several 3D nonstationary V2V channel models were proposed recently. In [21], the authors proposed a 3D irregular-shaped GBSM for nonstationary V2V channels. Some 3D cluster-based nonstationary V2V channel models can also been addressed in [22–25]. However, the output phases related to the Doppler frequencies in [11–25] were inaccurate compared with the theoretical results [26, 27]. The authors in [28, 29] modified the phase item to overcome this shortcoming, but it is only suitable for 2D scattering environments. A modified 3D channel model with accurate Doppler frequency can be addressed in [30].

Note that most of the existing V2V channel models [11–26] only took the fixed velocities of the mobile transmitter (MT) and mobile receiver (MR) into account. However, under realistic traffic environments, the velocities of MT and MR could be time-variant. Although the time-variant velocities were considered in [29, 31–33], their trajectories were 2D. Meanwhile, the models in the literature [11–33] only considered 2D or even 1D antenna arrays for simplicity. With the development of antenna technologies, 3D-shaped antenna arrays begin to be used in MIMO communication systems. Very recently, a general 3D nonstationary GBSM between base station and MT with 3D arbitrary trajectories and 3D antenna arrays was proposed in [34]. This idea was adopted by [35] to model the 3D V2V channels allowing MT and MR with 3D arbitrary trajectories. However, the details of channel parameter computation and theoretical analyses of SCF, TCF, and DPSD were lacked. This paper aims at filling these gaps. The major contributions and novelties are summarized as follows:(1)Combining the GBSM and twin-cluster approach [36], a general 3D V2V channel model was proposed. The 3D antenna array and 3D arbitrary trajectory of each terminal are allowed under the 3D scattering environment, which guarantees the proposed model is more general and has the nonstationary aspect.(2)The upgraded computation procedure of channel parameters for the proposed model, such as the number of paths, path delays, and path powers, are developed and analyzed in detail.(3)The theoretical closed-form expressions of statistical properties, i.e., the SCFs, TCFs, and DPSDs are investigated and verified by the simulation method and measurement data.

This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 presents a 3D general V2V channel model characterized by nonstationary aspect and generalization. The channel parameter updating algorithms are given in Section 3. In Section 4, the theoretical SCFs, TCFs, and DPSDs of the proposed model are derived in detail. Section 5 shows and compares the simulated results with the derived ones and measured data. Finally, the conclusions are drawn in Section 6.

2. 3D Nonstationary GBSM for V2V Channels

Figure 1 shows a typical 3D V2V communication system between the MT and MR, which is characterized by 3D arbitrary trajectories and 3D antenna arrays. The MT and MR are configured with S and U antennas, respectively. In the figure, the coordinate systems at the MT and MR with the centers of corresponding terminals are named as and , respectively. Suppose that the travel directions of the MT and MR at the initial time correspond to x-axis’s direction, respectively. Due to the movement and rotation of two coordinate systems, the antenna element of MT or MR is 3D and time-variant and can be expressed by or . Figure 1 shows that between the MT and MR, there are many propagation paths and subpaths (or rays). The 3D location of the first cluster or the last cluster affects the corresponding elevation angles, such as elevation angle of departure (EAoD) and elevation angle of arrival (EAoA) , and azimuth angles, such as the azimuth angle of departure (AAoD) and the azimuth angle of arrival (AAoA) . In addition, by adopting twin-cluster approach, the rest clusters can be viewed as a virtual link [36]. In the figure, and , , represent time-variant velocities of i and , respectively. Table 1 shows the detailed definitions of channel parameters.

Under the V2V communication scenario of Figure 1, the V2V MIMO channel can be modeled as [30]where denotes the complex channel impulse response (CIR) between the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna . In this paper, we modify the model of in [30] and express it aswhere is a rectangular window function:and it is introduced to limit the length of CIR, and thus, the large-scale variations can be negligible within the time interval; represents the valid path number and is related to the path delay , path power , and normalized coefficient , which is expressed aswhere M denotes the subpath number, stands for the random initial phase distributing over uniformly, and means the phase somehow affected by variant Doppler frequency. Here, we model aswhere denotes the wave number with and representing the carrier frequency and light speed, respectively. , , denotes the relative velocity between and . The departure or arrival angle unit vector of the mth subpath within the nth path is defined as

In (4), denotes the offset phase caused by the movements of terminals:where means transpose operation and represents sth antenna position at initial time instant. Similarly, represents the corresponding antenna position at initial corresponding time. Note that is a rotation matrix due to the 3D arbitrary trajectory, and it can be written as

3. Time-Variant Channel Parameters

3.1. Path Number

The valid path number has been proved to be time-variant under V2V scenarios by the measured data in [37], due to the moving clusters and two terminals. In other words, the old disappearing clusters and new appearing ones are random. We model these with a Markov process [38]. is used to denote the birth rate, and denotes the death rate. The probability of each path remaining from t to is calculated as [19]where means the moving percentage and , , represents clusters average speed. is introduced to describe newly generated path number and calculated as

Combining (9) with (10), the averaged path number can be expressed as

3.2. Delays and Powers

For the nth valid path, the total delay at time instant t consists of the first and last bounce delays and virtual link delay, and it is a function of total distance aswhere and , , mean the instantaneous locations of i and and can be updated from the values of previous time instant bywhere denotes the equivalent delay of virtual link and it can be updated by the first-order filtering method in [26] as follows:where , in which denotes the maximum delay, and denotes the decorrelation speed of time-variant delays. Based on the measurement-based method, we can get the averaged power aswhere , , and mean the shadowing degree, delay factor, and delay spread, respectively, which are all related with the environments. Finally, all the normalized power can be denoted as

3.3. Time-Variant Angles

Measurements in [39] revealed that the azimuth and elevation angles at two terminals are not independent and cannot be depicted by two independent distributions such as Gaussian or Laplacian. In this paper, we take the 3D von Mises–Fisher (VMF) distribution to describe these two joint angles [40]. The probability density function (PDF) of VMF distribution can be expressed as [39]where and represent the mean values of azimuth and elevation angles, respectively, and κ is the shape factor and can be extracted from the measurement data.

As long as κ is determined, the time-variant angle of departure (AoD) and angle of arrival (AoA) can be obtained by and , respectively, which can be expressed as follows:where . Note that κ almost unchanged during the short simulation time period. Figure 2 gives an example of VMF distributed angles of AoA (or AoD) on the unit sphere with different parameters. It also reveals that with the increase in shape factor κ, the shape of distribution becomes more concentrated.

4. Time-Variant Statistical Properties

The normalized spatial-temporal correlation function (STCF) between two different subchannels can be defined by [16, 19, 25]where represents the expectation function, is complex conjugate, and means time lag. Moreover, denotes the space lag and consists of and , which are the corresponding space lags at two terminals, respectively. By substituting our proposed channel model (4) into (19), the expression of STCF can be obtained as

4.1. Time-Variant SCFs

The SCFs is reduced from STCF when the time lag equals to zero. Then, it can be expressed as

Since the clusters and are independent, we can rewrite (21) aswhere , , denotes the normalized SCF at the MT or MR. By substituting (7) into (21), the following equation can be obtained:

It is shown in (23) that not only the angle of horizontal plane but also the one of vertical plane affects the result of (23). Thus, traditional 2D models cannot obtain accurate correlation functions in 3D scattering environments. By setting and and substituting them into (23), it yieldswhere

The measurement data demonstrate that the angle spread is usually narrow under V2V communication scenarios. With this assumption, we have , , , , and . Consequently, we can rewrite (25) and (26) aswhere

By substituting (27)–(30) into (24) and using Euler formula, we can obtain the following equation:where and and are the angle spreads of AAoA and EAoA. With the help of integration formula,

The approximate closed-form result of SCF is as follows:where is the imaginary error function.

Finally, by substituting (33)–(35) into (22), the final result of SCF in our proposed model can be obtained. Due to time-variant communication environments, SCF is also time-dependent.

4.2. Time-Variant TCFs

The TCF is reduced from STCF when is set to be zero. Then, TCF can be derived as (36). It also equals to the product of TCFs at the MT and MR , , when the clusters and are independent. For simplicity, we assumed that the antenna array is placed at the origin of the coordinate system. By substituting (5) and (7) into (36), it can be obtained as (37).

By setting and and substituting them into (37), it yields (38), where and mean the azimuth and elevation angles of the relative velocity between and cluster , respectively. It is reasonable to assume that the elevation AoDs and azimuth AoDs change linearly during the short time interval as , where , , , and . By integrating the Doppler frequency, we can rewrite (38) as (39), where

Measurement data have revealed that small angle spreads exist under some scenarios. In other words, κ is usually big or and are small. Holding this condition, we have , , , , , , , and . Thus, we can approximate (39) as (41), wherewhere , , and are the value of , , and when , respectively. Using the integration formula in (32), the closed-form expression of (41) can be expressed as (43). On this basis, we can obtain the final TCF expression of the proposed model.

4.3. Time-Variant DPSDs

The DPSD is the Fourier transform of TCF . For the nonstationary aspect of our proposed model, the DPSD can be calculated with short-time Fourier transform aswhere window function lasting time is shorter than the stationary interval (about several milliseconds [10]).

5. Simulation Results and Validation

Firstly, in order to evaluate the accuracy of our derived SCF and TCF, we calculate the maximum difference between the approximated and numerical integral results over and . Figure 3 shows the results of maximum absolute error with different κ, normalized space lags, and time lags. As we can see that the maximum absolute error of SCF is less than 0.025 when κ is more than 50 and is less than 3, and it increases as κ decreases or increases. Meanwhile, the absolute error of TCF is less than 0.02 when κ is more than 50 and the time lag is less than 0.05 s, and it increases as κ decreases or the time lag increases. Overall, the maximum error is acceptable, and thus, the derived expressions can be used to calculate the SCF and TCF efficiently.

(a)

(b)

Secondly, in order to verify the generality of the proposed channel model. Three V2V communication scenarios with different trajectories are selected and given in Figure 4. In the figure, the MT travels straightly with the fixed velocity, and the MR travels in three different velocities with the same departure and arrival points. Path I has fixed speed and travel direction, and Path II allows speed variation with 2D direction movement. Furthermore, Path III has 3D variations in both vertical and horizontal directions. For demonstration purpose, the distribution of clusters is uniform, and we adopt VMF distribution to depict AoAs and AoDs and set κ as 3.95 [39]. With the referred data in [41], we assume that the speeds of cluster are Gaussian-distributed with 1 km/h mean value and 0.1 variance. Furthermore, the carrier frequency , , , and are all uniformly distributed. The former pair distributes over 0 and , but the later one only distributes over −π/36 and π/36.

It should be mentioned that the V2V channel models in [11–26, 28, 30] only considered fixed velocities of two terminals like Path I, while the models in [31–33] allowed for 2D curve trajectories like Path II. The absolute values of the theoretical SCFs of different models including the model considering Path I in [30] and the one focusing on Path II in [32] are simulated and compared in Figure 5. The good agreement of SCFs between our proposed and other models indicates the generalization and compatibility of our proposed model. In particular, the models in [30, 32] can be viewed as two special applications in straight or curved trajectories.

(a)

(b)

Thirdly, in order to verify the correctness of statistical properties of our proposed model under 3D trajectories like Path III, the theoretical, approximated, and simulated values of SCFs and TCFs are shown in Figure 6. The x-axis of Figure 6(a) represents normalized space between antennas, which is similar at two terminals in the communication system. By substituting , , and into (21) and (33), we can get the theoretical and approximated values of SCFs. In addition, the measured results in [42] are also shown in Figure 6(a). The good agreement of SCFs shows the correctness of both the theoretical model and derivations. Similarly, by substituting and into (36) and (43), we obtain and show the theoretical and approximated values of TCFs in Figure 6(b). The good agreements between theoretical, simulated, and approximated results reveal that our simulation and derivation are correct.

(a)

(b)

Finally, substituting TCFs into (44), we can get the theoretical and simulated values of DPSDs for Path III, which are also shown in Figure 7. It clearly shows that moving clusters and two terminals have an influence on the drifting of DPSDs. Moreover, good agreements between the simulated and theoretical results indicate that our proposed model is correct.

(a)

(b)

6. Conclusion

This paper has proposed a general channel model characterized by 3D scattering environments, 3D movements, and 3D-shaped antenna arrays of two terminals for V2V communication system. The upgraded algorithms for time-evolving parameters such as the number of paths, path delays, path powers, and angles have been developed and analyzed in detail. Meanwhile, the approximated expressions of statistical properties including SCF, TCF, and DPSD have been derived and verified by simulations. Simulated and analyzed results show that different moving trajectories significantly affect the V2V channel characteristic. Meanwhile, the generalization and compatibility of our proposed model also demonstrate that some previous models with 2D or even 1D movements have special applications. The new model can be used to develop, analyze, and test realistic V2V communication systems in the future.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project (Grant no. 61827801), Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 2017ZC52021), and Open Foundation for Graduate Innovation of NUAA (Grant no. KFJJ 20180408).

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Copyright © 2019 Qiuming Zhu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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