Current State of Non-wearable Sensor Technologies for Monitoring Activity Patterns to Detect Symptoms of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer’s Disease

Table 3

Characteristics of sensor monitoring method.

Study	Nonwearable sensor and count	Activity domain (sensor monitored)	Activity/routine (sensor monitored)	Other measurements used for analysis (nonsensor data)	Activity recognized?	Anomaly detected?	Fitness for real-world settings	Grain of activity feature analysis
Alberdi et al. [22]	PIR motion sensor: 16; Door sensor: 2; Temperature sensor: 4; Light sensor: 16	Movement	Walking, out of home	Behavior/health assessment: arm curl and TUG mobility test, digit-cancellation test, RBANS and PRMQ, GDS	Yes	Yes	Early in maturity for deployment	Fine-grained feature analysis
		Self-care	Eating, personal hygiene, toileting, and incontinence
		Domestic life area	Cooking
		Passive activity	Sleeping, resting
		Daily routine	Daily routine
Schinle et al. [23]	PIR motion sensor: 1; Door contact sensor: 1	Movement	Motion, out of home	NA	Yes	Yes	Early in maturity for deployment	Coarse-grained feature analysis
Sharma et al. [24]	PIR motion sensor, temperature sensor, vibration sensor count: NS	Daily routines	Daily routines	NA	No	Yes	Only for initial/quick screening	Coarse-grained feature analysis
Akl et al. [25]	PIR motion sensor: 7; Door contact sensor: 3	Daily routines	Home activity	NA	No	No	Early in maturity for deployment	Coarse-grained feature analysis
Akl et al. [26]	PIR motion sensor: 13; Motion sensor: 4; Door contact sensor: 3	Movement	Walking, out of home	Age, gender	No	No	Early in maturity for deployment	Coarse-grained feature analysis
		Daily routines	Daily routines
Albeiruti et al. [27]	PIR motion sensor: 31	Movement	Motion	NA	No	Yes	Early in maturity for deployment	Coarse-grained feature analysis
Lussier et al. [28]	-wave infrared motion detector: 6; Electric sensor: 2; Door contact sensor: 4	Domestic life area	Performing house work, cooking	Executive function and memory assessment score; Activity performance score by expert	No	No	Early in maturity; good for initial screening for further follow-up	Fine-grained feature analysis
		Learning, applying knowledge	Reading, attend phone call
Arifoglu et al. [29]	Motion sensor: 31; Door contact sensor: 3	Movement	Out of home	NA	Yes	Yes	Early in maturity for deployment	Coarse-grained feature analysis
		Self-care	Eating, personal hygiene, toileting
		Domestic life area	Cooking
		Passive activity	Sleeping, resting
Paudel et al. [30]	PIR motion sensor: 23; Door sensor: 6; Temperature sensor: 5; Light sensor: 23	Movement	Out of home	NA	Yes	No	Early in maturity for deployment	Fine-grained feature analysis
		Self-care	Eating, personal hygiene, toileting
		Domestic life area	Cooking
		Passive activity	Sleeping, resting
Gochoo et al. [31]	Motion sensor: 31	Movement	Motion	NA	No	No	Good for initial screening for further follow-up/diagnosis; possibility for detecting wandering movement in real-time application	Coarse-grained feature analysis
Li et al. [32]	Motion sensor: 52	Domestic life area	Performing house work, cooking	Activity performance score by expert	No	No	Early in maturity; good for initial screening for further follow-up	Coarse-grained feature analysis
		Self-care	Taking medicines
		Learning, applying knowledge	Preparing letters, search for specific video, search for a specific outfit
		Communication	Attend phone call
Dawadi et al. [33]	Motion sensors: 27; Door sensors: 10; Item sensors (kitchen): 5; Temperature sensors: 2; Light sensors: 4; Sensors to monitor water and burner use: 3	Domestic life area	Performing house work, cooking	Activity performance score by expert; Cognitive diagnosis based on neuro-psychological tests	No	No	Early in maturity for deployment	Fine-grained feature analysis

PIR: passive infrared; RBANS: Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; NS: not specified; PRMQ: Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire; TUG: Timed Up and Go.