In Vivo Cognitive-Enhancing, Ex Vivo Malondialdehyde-Lowering Activities and Phytochemical Profiles of Aqueous and Methanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.)

Table 4

Effects of methanolic and aqueous stem bark extracts of P. thonningii on navigation distance during the acquisition period.

Treatment	Navigation distance (m)
	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3
Normal control	^a	^b	^b
Negative control (normal saline)	^a	^a	^a
Positive (Donepezil 1 mg/kg bw)	^e	^c	^b
Extract (a)
50 mg/kg bw	^a	^a	^a
100 mg/kg bw	^c	^b	^a
200 mg/kg bw	^d	^b	^b
Extract (b)
50 mg/kg bw	^d	^c	^b
100 mg/kg bw	^e	^c	^b
200 mg/kg bw	^f	^c	^b

Extract (a): P. thonningii methanolic extract; Extract (b): P. thonningii aqueous extract. Values are expressed as ; Means with the same superscript letter within the same column are not significantly different () while those with different superscript letters within the same column are significantly different () (one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD).