The Effects of Viral Load Burden on Pregnancy Loss among HIV-Infected Women in the United States

Table 1

Characteristics of HIV-infected women enrolled in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) from October 1, 1994, to March 31, 2013, and their respective pregnancies meeting eligibility criteria for three analytic populations: (i) most recent viral load before pregnancy outcome, (ii) copy-years viremia since ART initiation, and (iii) copy-years viremia in the two years before conception.

Characteristic	Most recent VL (i)		Viremia since ART (ii)		Viremia in two years (iii)
	Women; ()	Pregnancies; ()	Women; ()	Pregnancies; ()	Women; ()	Pregnancies; ()
Race
Black	212 (63)	289 (63)	80 (54)	140 (55)	175 (61)	235 (62)
White	67 (20)	93 (20)	33 (22)	61 (24)	59 (21)	79 (21)
Other	57 (17)	79 (17)	36 (24)	52 (21)	51 (18)	66 (17)
Income/year
<$12,000	170 (53)	233 (53)	66 (46)	114 (47)	131 (48)	178 (49)
$12,001–$36,000	117 (36)	152 (35)	59 (41)	87 (36)	107 (39)	133 (37)
>$36,000	34 (11)	55 (13)	20 (14)	42 (17)	35 (13)	52 (14)
Pregnancy dependent measures
CD4 count	—	438; (294–644)	—	369; (242–528)	—	445; (298–661)
IDU	—	7 (2)	—	3 (1)	—	4 (1)
Prior loss	—	137 (30)	—	80 (32)	—	119 (31)
Smoking	—	166 (36)	—	87 (35)	—	138 (37)
Maternal age	—	32 (29–37)	—	34 (30–38)	—	33 (29–38)
ART initiated	—	393 (85)	—	All	—	225 (59)
NIDU	—	84 (18)	—	36 (14)	—	66 (17)

Categorical variables expressed as number (% total); continuous variables as median (interquartile range). WIHS = Women’s Interagency HIV Study, ART = antiretroviral therapy, VL = viral load, IDU = injection drug use, and NIDU = noninjection drug use.
Unknown, Asian, Hispanic, Pacific Islander, Native American, and Alaskan.
Measured at baseline, the visit at which the first viral load measure for each analysis occurred.
Injection drug users were excluded for the main analysis to reduce confounding.
Self-reported previous miscarriage or stillbirth prior to and during WIHS enrollment.