Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Review of Current Diagnosis and Treatment

Table 2

Autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis.

Autoantibody	Molecular target	Prognostic value	Reference
Antiliver kidney microsomal (LKM1)	Cytochrome 450 2D6	Diagnostic for AIH type 2	[27]
Anti-LKM3	Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase	7% of patients with AIH associated with viral hepatitis C	[28]
Antismooth muscle antibody	Actin and non-actin components (vimentin, Skeltin)	Diagnostic marker for type 1 AIH
Antiactin	Polymerized F-actin	(1) Subset of smooth muscle antibodies; (2) Children: treatment dependence and progression to liver failure; (3) Adults: early onset and severe disease; (4) Severe clinical and histological disease if reactive to actin and α-actinin, anti-ss DNA antibodies can be seen as well.	[29–31]
Anti-soluble liver antigen (SLA)	Sep (O-phosphoserine) tRNA: SEC(selenocysteine) tRNA synthase	(1) High specificity, may be present when other markers are absent; (2) Predictor of relapse and treatment dependence; (3) Associated with DRB1∗0301; (4) Higher frequency of death from liver failure.	[32, 33]
Antiliver cytosol type 1 (LC1)	Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase	(1) Present when other markers like ANA, SMA, LKM1 absent; (2) Early age of onset and concurrent immune disease; (3) Marked liver inflammation and rapid progression to cirrhosis	[34, 35]
Anti-asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR)	Asialoglycoprotein receptor	(1) Correlate with histological activity	[36]
Antibody to histone and double stranded DNA (dsDNA)	Histone, dsDNA	(1) Patients with anti-dsDNA fail corticosteroid treatment more frequently	[37]
Anti-chromatin	Chromatin	(1) Occur in association with ANA; (2) May define a subset of ANA positive patients that are treatment dependent; (3) Predictor of relapse after drug withdrawal; (4) Higher levels of 𝛾 globulin and IgG at presentation	[38]
Perinuclear antinuclear neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA)	Peripheral nuclear membrane component	Seen in type 1 AIH may help in diagnosis if other tests are negative.	[39]