Technical Review on Endoscopic Treatment Devices for Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Postsurgical Leaks

Table 3

Risk factors associated with endoscopic treatment failure.

Endoscopic technique	Risk factors for treatment failure
Stents	Delay until stent placement [57]
	Persistent leakage after first stent placement [58]
	Proximal esophagus leak [59]
	Larger defect (>60 mm—oncologic; >10 mm—bariatric) [59, 60]
	Stent crossing the gastroesophageal junction [59]
	Distal conduit leak [59]
OTSC	Larger defect (>13 mm) [68]
	Necrotic or soft margins [68]
	Post-esophagectomy leak [65, 66]
EVT	Neoadjuvant chemotherapy [96]
	Rescue application [96]
	Intraluminal sponge placement [96]
EID	Delay until treatment [14]
	Larger leak [14]
	Sepsis [14]
	Gastrobronchial fistula [14]
	Previous OTSC use [14]
Endoscopic septotomy	Persistent stricture below the leak [21]

OTSC: over-the-scope clip; EVT: endoscopic vacuum therapy; EID: endoscopic internal drainage.