Quality of Evidence Supporting the Role of Supplement Curcumin for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: An Overview of Systematic Reviews

Table 6

Results of evidence quality.

Author, year (country)	Outcomes	Studies (participants)	Limitations	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Publication bias	Relative effect (95% CI)	Heterogeneity	Quality
Saurabh Chandan, 2020(USA) [20]	Clinical remission rate	5 (282)	0	0	0	0	-1④	OR: 2.9 (95% CI: 1.5, 5.5)	I^2 = 45%	Moderate
	Clinical improvement rate	5 (255)	0	0	0	0	-1④	OR: 2.6 (95% CI: 1.5, 4.5)	I^2 = 74%	Moderate
	Summary rate of endoscopic improvement and remission	5 (235)	0	0	0	0	-1④	OR: 2.3 (95% CI: 1.2, 4.6)	I^2 = 35.5%	Moderate
Armin Ebrahimzadeh, 2021(Iran) [21]	CRP	1 (63)	0	-1②	0	-1③	-1④	WMD: -0.15 (95% CI: -0.28, -0.02)	NA	Very low
	ESR	2 (104)	0	0	0	-1③	-1④	WMD: -6.92 (95% CI: -11.83, -2)	I^2 = 59.3%	Low
Ricardo de Alvares Goulart, 2020(Brazil) [22]	Clinical remission rate	3 (182)	0	-1②	0	-1③	-1④	RD: 0.31 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.60)	I^2 = 82%	Very low
	Clinical improvement rate	3 (182)	0	-1②	0	-1③	-1④	RD: 0.24 (95% CI: -0.15, 0.63)	I^2 = 90%	Very low
Umair Iqbal, 2018(USA) [23]	Clinical remission rate	2 (95)	0	-1②	0	-1③	0	OR: 6.78 (95% CI: 2.39, 19.23)	I^2 = 75.9%	Low
	Clinical improvement rate	3 (142)	0	0	0	-1③	0	OR: 4.65 (95% CI: 2.18, 9.92)	I^2 = 40.7%	Moderate
	Endoscopic improvement rate	2 (95)	0	0	0	-1③	0	OR: 3.82 (95% CI: 1.40, 10.40)	I^2 = 63.7%	Moderate
	Endoscopic remission rate	2 (102)	0	0	0	-1③	0	OR: 12.74 (95% CI: 1.56, 104.07)	I^2 = 0%	Moderate
Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, 2018(Greece) [24]	Clinical remission rate	3 (201)	0	0	0	0	-1⑤	OR: 3.80 (95% CI: 0.55,26.28)	I^2 = 63.7%	Moderate
Ting Zheng, 2020(China) [25]	Clinical remission rate	4 (198)	0	0	0	-1③	0	OR:5.18 (95% CI: 1.84, 14.56)	I^2 = 33%	Moderate
	Endoscopic remission rate	3 (121)	0	0	0	-1③	-1⑤	OR: 5.69 (95% CI:1.28, 25.27)	I^2 = 28%	Low
	Clinical improvement rate	4 (158)	0	0	0	-1③	0	OR:4.79 (95% CI: 1.02, 22.43)	I^2 = 75%	Moderate
	Endoscopic improvement rate	2 (71)	0	0	0	-1③	0	OR:17.05 (95% CI:: 1.30, 233.00)	I^2 = 57%	Moderate
Liwei Zhu, 2019(China) [26]	Clinical remission rate	3 (181)	0	0	0	-1③	-1④	OR: 4.78 (95% CI:1.24, 18.47)	I^2 = 52%	Low
	Clinical improvement rate	3 (142)	0	0	0	-1③	-1④	OR: 4.61 (95% CI:2.22, 9.57)	I^2 = 28%	Low
	Endoscopic remission rate	3 (142)	0	0	0	-1③	-1④	OR: 4.58 (95% CI:1.79, 11.73)	I^2 = 49%	Low

Note: ①The included studies have a large bias in methodology such as randomization, allocation concealment, and blinding. ②The confidence interval overlaps less or the I2 value of the combined results was larger. ③The sample size from the included studies does not meet the optimal sample size or the 95% confidence interval crosses the invalid line. ④The funnel chart is asymmetry. ⑤Few studies were included, and their results were all positive, which may result in a large publication bias; The 95% confidence interval does not cross the invalid line.