|
Cancer | Effects | Reference |
|
Liver | | |
HepG2 | Induce apoptosis by activation of caspase-3 | [13] |
Liver microsomes | Inhibit CYP450, 1-aminobenzotriazole, and aldo-keto reductase Prevent the formation of M14 and M15 and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid | [14] |
SMMC-7721 | Inhibit the phosphorylation of eIF2α and triggered apoptosis | [15] |
HeoG2 | Release cathepsin D and subsequently cytochrome c Induce apoptosis and intracellular ROS generation and reduced glutathione | [16] |
PC12 | Inhibit xanthine oxidase and H2O2-induced damage | [17] |
HepG2/Hep3B | Decrease the MMP-9 activity and increase the TIMP-1 expression Decrease urokinase-type plasminogen activator activity in Hep3B cells | [18] |
Hep-2 | Dose-dependently suppress cell proliferation | [19] |
Mahlavu cells | Activate caspases 3/7 resulting in the DNA fragmentation | [20] |
RL34 | Activate the Nrf2/ARE-dependent detoxification pathway | [21] |
Pancreas | | |
PaCa | Inhibit mRNA expression and protein secretion of angiogenic factors and NF-κB activity | [22] |
PANC-1, BxPC | Downregulate of NF-κB signaling and cell survival regulators including COX-2, cyclin D1, survivin, cIAP-1, XIAP, Bcl-2, and MMP-9 and sensitize to gemcitabine | [23] |
β-cell (INS-1E) | Induce Ca2+ signals in the β-cell by activating the TRPV1 channels | [24] |
PANC-1 | Decrease invasion and metastasis and NF-κB translocation via downregulation of the ERK pathway | [25] |
PANC-1 | Upregulate p53, p21 proteins level and ROS production | [26] |
HPAC, BxPC-3 | Decrease cyclin A, Cdk, Rb phosphorylation, and p53 expression | [27] |
Gastric Cancer | | |
HUVE-AGS | Inhibit cell proliferation, VEGF expression, and NF-κB activity | [28] |
kBZ Jurkat | inhibit COX-2 activation and reduce H. pylori-induced inflammation | [29] |
HGC/AGS/and KATO III | Inhibit TRAIL-induced NF-κB activation, cIAP1 expression Increase TRAIL-induced caspase-3/7 activation | [30] |
JB6 | Inhibit the growth of all Helicobacter pylori strains | [31] |
Colorectal | | |
Caco-2 | Inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2 and CYP2C8) | [32] |
HCT116 | Act as antiproliferative agents and enhance the chemotherapeutic effect of 5-FU | [33] |
COLO 205 | Induce apoptosis, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation Upregulate the Bax, Fas, and FasL and downregulate Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL proteins | [34] |
HCT116 | Suppress cyclin D1 expression and induced NAG-1 expression Inhibit beta-catenin, PKC-epsilon, and GSK-3 beta pathways | [35] |
HCT116 | Potentiate TRAIL-induced apoptosis and upregulate of TRAIL death receptors (DR-4/-5) Inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38-MAPK | [36] |
Cholangiocarcinoma | | |
CCA (CL-6) | Upregulate MDR1 and MRP3 genes | [37] |
KIM-1 | Induce programmed cell death through endonuclease activation and induction of p53 |
[38] |
KMC-1 | caspase 3 activation, potentiate free-radical formation and accumulation of sphinganine |
|