Risks of Misinterpretation in the Evaluation of the Effect of Fruit-Based Drinks in Postprandial Studies

Table 1

Effects of the antioxidants contained in FBD on postprandial stress.

Reference	Subjects; (study design)	Control	Treatment	Metabolic markers	Inflammatory and redox markers
Burton-Freeman et al., 2010 [9]	24 OW DL; (crossover and parallel)	HFHCM 960 kcal (fat 30.7 g and CHO 134 g) + placebo matched in sugars with HFHCM.; 6 weeks placebo matched in sugars, followed by HFHCM + placebo.	HFHCM + strawberry beverage (10 g freeze-dried).; 6 weeks strawberry beverage, followed by HFHCM + placebo.	TG ↓; TC ↔; TG, TC ↓	OxLDL ↓; OxLDL ↓,
Edirisinghe et al., 2011 [10]	24 OW DL; (crossover)	HFHCM 960 kcal (fat 30.7 g and CHO 134 g) + placebo matched in sugars.	HFHCM + strawberry beverage (10 g freeze-dried).	Glucose ↔; Insulin ↓	IL-6 ↓; IL-1β, TNF-α ↔
Ellis et al., 2011 [11]	24 OW; (parallel)	6 weeks placebo matched in sugars, followed by HFHCM 960 kcal (fat 30.7 g and CHO 134 g) + placebo.	6 weeks strawberry beverage (10 g freeze-dried), followed by HFHCM + placebo.	Glucose, insulin ↔	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α ↔
Huebbe et al., 2012 [12]	11 OW ATP; (crossover)	HFM (cream 200 g and sucrose 75 g) + placebo matched in energy, sucrose, fructose, and glucose.	HFM + FBD (15% Blackcurrant, 9% raspberry, 7% cherry, and 39% red grape).	Glucose, insulin, TG, TC ↔	TNF-α, IL-6 ↑; IL-1 ↔; NEAC ↑; oxLDL ↔
Kay and Holub, 2002 [13]	8; (crossover)	HFM 853 kcal (fat 46.7 g and CHO 75.2 g) + placebo matched in CHO and contained 76.4 g of glucose.	HFM + FBD (100 g freeze-dried wild blueberry powder in 500 mL water).	Glucose ↑; TG, TC ↔	NEAC ↑
Mathew et al., 2012 [14]	19; (crossover)	HFM 691 kcal (50 g fat and CHO 56 g) + placebo matched in energy and energy giving nutrients.	HFM + FBD (pomegranate polyphenols 652–948 mg/237 mL).; FBD 15 min before the HFM.	Glucose, TG, TC ↔; Glucose, TC ↔; TG ↑
Mazza et al., 2002 [15]	5; (crossover)	HFM 853 kcal (fat 46.7 g and CHO 75.2 g) + placebo matched in CHO and contained 76.4 g of glucose.	HFM + FBD (100 g freeze-dried wild blueberry powder in 500 mL water).	TG ↔	NEAC ↑
Miglio et al., 2014 [16]	14 OW; (crossover)	HFM 1344 kcal (81 g fat and CHO 104 g) + placebo matched in sugars.	HFM + FBD1 (86% of a mix of apple, grape, blueberry, and pomegranate juices and grape skin, grape seed, and green tea extracts).; HFM + FBD2 (63% of a mix of pineapple, black currant, and plum juices).		NEAC ↑; isoprostanes ↔; NEAC ↔; isoprostanes ↔
Peluso et al., 2012 [17]	14 OW; (crossover)	HFM 1344 kcal (81 g fat and CHO 104 g) + placebo matched in sugars.	HFM + FBD (500 mL; 40% pineapple, 18% blackcurrant, and 5% plum).	Glucose, insulin, TG, TC ↔	TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17 ↓
Peluso et al., 2014 [18]	15 OW; (crossover)	HFM 1344 kcal (81 g fat and CHO 104 g) + placebo matched in sugars.	HFM + FBD (500 mL apple juice, red grape juice, pomegranate juice, grape extract from juice, seeds and pomace, raspberry juice, tea extract, ascorbic acid, apple polyphenols, and lemon flavonoids).	Glucose, insulin ↔; TG, TC ↓	TNF-α, IL6 ↓
Snyder et al., 2011 [19]	16; (crossover)	HCM (28 g of Kellogg's Corn Flakes and 118 mL of 2% milk) + placebo matched in energy, sucrose, fructose, glucose, and ascorbic acid.	HCM + navel orange juice (591 mL).		NEAC ↑; dienes ↓

ATP: atherosclerosis prone phenotype; CHO: carbohydrates; DL: dyslipidaemic; FBD: fruit-based drink; HCM: high carbohydrates meal; HFM: high fat meal; HFHCM: high fat and high carbohydrates meal; IL: interleukin; NEAC: nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity; oxLDL: oxidized low density lipoproteins; OW: overweight; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.