Effect of Temperature Gradient on Compressive Strength and Strain Characteristics of Coarse-Grained Frozen Soil

<table class="table-group" id="tab2"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="7"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Minimum particle size (mm)</td><td class="align_center">Maximum particle size (mm)</td><td class="align_center">Densities (g·cm<sup>-3</sup>)</td><td class="align_center">Normal-to-shear stiffness ratio</td><td class="align_center">Normal bond strength (kPa)</td><td class="align_center">Tangential bond strength (kPa)</td><td class="align_center">Wall friction coefficient</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="7"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">0.02</td><td class="align_center">0.06</td><td class="align_center">1.76</td><td class="align_center">1</td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 46.5453ptpx;"><svg height="11.786pt" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-0.3499002pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 46.5453 11.786" width="46.5453pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.204,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.35,0)"><path d="M528 54L331 254L528 455L492 493L294 291L96 493L60 455L257 254L60 54L96 16L294 217L492 16L528 54Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.886,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.126,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,41.413,-5.741)"><path d="M453 623H65C60 580 56 530 46 472H80C103 538 110 548 175 548H389C310 380 195 168 90 0L98 -12L175 -2C273 206 366 408 462 610L453 623Z"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 46.5453ptpx;"><svg height="11.786pt" id="M29" style="vertical-align:-0.3499002pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 46.5453 11.786" width="46.5453pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.204,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.35,0)"><path d="M528 54L331 254L528 455L492 493L294 291L96 493L60 455L257 254L60 54L96 16L294 217L492 16L528 54Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.886,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.126,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,41.413,-5.741)"><path d="M453 623H65C60 580 56 530 46 472H80C103 538 110 548 175 548H389C310 380 195 168 90 0L98 -12L175 -2C273 206 366 408 462 610L453 623Z"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center">0.0</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="7"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Basic parameters of the numerical specimen.</div>

Geofluids

tab2

Table 2

Table 2: Effect of Temperature Gradient on Compressive Strength and Strain Characteristics of Coarse-Grained Frozen Soil 