Integrated Approach to Hydrogeochemical Appraisal and Quality Assessment of Groundwater from Sargodha District, Pakistan

Table 1

Statistical summary of the physicochemical parameters (units of all parameters are mg/L, except pH and electrical conductivity (EC) μS/cm) ().

Parameter	pH	EC	TDS	TH	HCO3^-	Cl^-	F^-	NO3^-	SO4^2-	Ca	Mg	Na	K	Fe	Reference
Minimum	6.94	220	141	11	95	7	0.01	0.19	9	20	2.43	6	0.9	0.01	Present study
Maximum	8.22	1901	1206	760	575	330	2.88	14	442	180	75.3	255	142	2.88
Mean	7.59	939	596	265	287	82.5	0.48	1.60	114	61.86	27.1	99.7	9.64	0.332
Median	7.61	870	556	265	285	67	0.34	0.60	101	56	24.3	96	2.90	0.130
Standard Deviation	0.303	486	308	131	119	74.8	0.504	2.57	92.5	33.71	16.7	70.2	20.5	0.568
WHO limits	6.5-8.5	1000	600	300	250	250	1.50	10	250	200	150	200	12	0.3	[42]
NSBL (%)	0	42	48	38	57	6.5	2.6	2.6	3.9	0	0	10	16	23
US-EPA	6.5-8.5	—	500	—	—	250	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.3	[74]
Pak-EPA	6.5-8.5	—	1000	500	—	250	1.50	50	—	—	—	—	—	—	[75]
Reported levels worldwide	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan	7.70	529	303	172	151	27.3	—	—	66.7	42.3	17.1	31.1	4.17	—	[46]
Lahore, Pakistan	8.33	577	363	—	269	39.9	—	—	8.64	56.6	36.7	14.7	15.2	—	[76]
Sialkot, Pakistan	7.11	555	279	200	—	21.7	0.68	3.96	67.4	—	—	—	—	0.13	[53]
Peshawar, Pakistan	7.73	809	393	372	—	30.1	—	—	—	189	182	—	—	—	[77]
Karachi, Pakistan	7.1	402	289	123	219	81.0	—	1.5	51.0	41	22	49.0	5.7	—	[73]
Baluchistan, Pakistan	7.9	1025	—	—	219	140	1.04	5.6	131	62.9	31.1	115.0	4.9	0.14	[47]
Ordos Basin, China	7.72	397	260	201	215	11.3	0.27	2.43	23.1	55.97	12.27	14.6	1.95	0.300	[43]
Heze, China	7.88	—	1196	546	595	269	—	8.92	223.0	80.3	83.9	287	1.53	—	[50]
Northwest of Iran	7.52	592	374	294	297	17.9	—	—	23.7	45.1	25.9	7.14	1.91	—	[78]
Jalandhar, India	8.3	746	463	190	186	49.4	0.6	—	70.8	27.1	29.7	47.4	12.4	—	[54]
Uttar Pradesh, India	7.54	866	553	292	351	29.6	—	—	49.2	56	37.3	19.8	6.65	0.937	[48]
Thrace, Turkey	7.44	901	456	101	—	—	0.24	—	129	116	60.4	—	3.22	0.08	[49]
Northwest of Saudi Arabia	7.50	1599	1072	—	149	295	—	—	256	111	36.5	177	14.9	—	[51]
Florina Basin, Greece	6.40	770	338	—	235	11	—	25	130	89	17	39	2.7	—	[52]
Northeastern Mexico	7.47	1176	—	—	369	56.5	—	—	240	187	20.9	50.6	0.84	—	[58]