Effect of Phonological and Phonetic Interventions on Proficiency in English Pronunciation and Oral Reading

Table 35

Kolmogorov-Smirnov test results.

K–S test	N	Normal parameters		Most extreme differences			Test statistics	Asymp. Sig. (two-tailed)	Test results (p-value, not normally distributed)
		Mean	Standard deviation	Absolute	Positive	Negative
Pre: rubric oral reading fluency (four points)	32	1.00						0.001
Pre: reading fluency chart week 1 (words correct per minute)	32	24.84	9.795	0.440	0.440	−0.310	0.440	0.001
Pre: reading fluency chart week 2 (words correct per minute)	32	45.94	15.834	0.302	0.302	−0.229	0.302	0.001
Pre: reading fluency chart week 3 (words correct per minute)	32	77.19	21.588	0.177	0.136	−0.177	0.177	0.012
Pre: OPE: make use of eye contact and facial expressions (OP 5PT)	32	1.25	0.440	0.465	0.465	−0.285	0.465	0.001
Pre: OPE: have a good opening? (OP 5PT)	32	1.25	0.440	0.465	0.465	−0.285	0.465	0.001
Pre: OPE: change the pitch and tone of voice (OP 5PT)	32	1.56	0.504	0.370	0.305	−0.370	0.370	0.001
Pre: OPE: use interesting and specific language? (OP 5PT)	32	1.22	0.420	0.480	0.480	−0.301	0.480	0.001
Pre: OPE: use pauses or emphasis on keywords (OP 5PT)	32	1.16	0.369	0.508	0.508	−0.336	0.508	0.001
Pre: OPE: support ideas with details and examples (OP 5PT)	32	1.34	0.483	0.418	0.418	−0.257	0.418	0.001
Pre: OPE: use gestures or actions (OP 5PT)	32	1.34	0.483	0.418	0.418	−0.257	0.418	0.001
Pre: OPE: use visuals (OP 5PT)	32	1.22	0.420	0.480	0.480	−0.301	0.480	0.001
Pre: OPE: speak clearly (OP 5PT)	32	1.16	0.369	0.508	0.508	−0.336	0.508	0.001
Pre: OPE: have a good closing (OP 5PT)	32	1.25	0.440	0.465	0.465	−0.285	0.465	0.001
Pre: rubric for oral presentations: presentation (OP 3 PT)	32	1.09	0.296	0.530	0.530	−0.376	0.530	0.001
Pre: rubric for oral presentations: speaking mechanics (OP 3 PT)	32	1.06	0.246	0.538	0.538	−0.400	0.538	0.001
Pre: rubric for oral presentations: content (OP 3 PT)	32	1.56	0.504	0.370	0.305	−0.370	0.370	0.001
Pre: rubric for oral presentations: visuals/props costumes (OP 3 PT)	32	1.19	0.397	0.494	0.494	−0.318	0.494	0.001
Pre: rubric for speaking assessment: pronunciation/diction (SPA 5S)	32	1.00						0.001
Pre: rubric for speaking assessment: fluency (SPA 5S)	32	1.03	0.177	0.539	0.539	−0.430	0.539	0.001
Pre: rubric for speaking assessment: word choice (SPA 5S)	32	1.16	0.369	0.508	0.508	−0.336	0.508	0.001
Pre: rubric for speaking assessment: usage (SPA 5S)	32	1.56	0.504	0.370	0.305	−0.370	0.370	0.001
Pre: rubric for speaking assessment: ideas/meaning (SPA 5S)	32	1.47	0.507	0.354	0.354	−0.321	0.354	0.001
Post: rubric oral reading fluency (four points)	32	2.78	0.608	0.328	0.266	−0.328	0.328	0.001
Post: OPE: make use of eye contact and facial expressions (OP 5PT)	32	2.81	0.693	0.325	0.268	−0.325	0.325	0.001
Post: OPE: have a good opening (OP 5PT)	32	2.66	0.653	0.326	0.237	−0.326	0.326	0.001
Post: OPE: change the pitch and tone of voice (OP 5PT)	32	2.75	0.622	0.312	0.250	−0.312	0.312	0.001
Post: OPE: use interesting and specific language (OP 5PT)	32	2.88	0.793	0.250	0.219	−0.250	0.250	0.001
Post: OPE: use pauses or emphasis on keywords (OP 5PT)	32	3.28	0.888	0.353	0.209	−0.353	0.353	0.001
Post: OPE: support ideas with details and examples (OP 5PT)	32	3.03	0.740	0.236	0.236	−0.233	0.236	0.001
Post: OPE: use gestures or actions (OP 5PT)	32	3.47	0.621	0.335	0.243	−0.335	0.335	0.001
Post: OPE: use visuals (OP 5PT)	32	2.69	0.535	0.377	0.248	−0.377	0.377	0.001
Post: OPE: speak clearly (OP 5PT)	32	2.78	0.608	0.328	0.266	−0.328	0.328	0.001
Post: OPE: have a good closing (OP 5PT)	32	2.72	0.457	0.450	0.269	−0.450	0.450	0.001
Post: rubric for oral presentations: presentation (OP 3 PT)	32	2.41	0.560	0.328	0.328	−0.293	0.328	0.001
Post: rubric for oral presentations: speaking mechanics (OP 3 PT)	32	2.75	0.440	0.465	0.285	−0.465	0.465	0.001
Post: rubric for oral presentations: content (OP 3 PT)	32	2.47	0.507	0.354	0.354	−0.321	0.354	0.001
Post: rubric for oral presentations: visuals/props costumes (OP 3 PT)	32	2.22	0.659	0.286	0.286	−0.245	0.286	0.001
Post: rubric for speaking assessment: pronunciation/diction (SPA 5S)	32	4.06	1.134	0.358	0.263	−0.358	0.358	0.001
Post: rubric for speaking assessment: fluency (SPA 5S)	32	3.69	0.998	0.380	0.380	−0.250	0.380	0.001
Post: rubric for speaking assessment: word choice (SPA 5S)	32	2.91	0.818	0.421	0.392	−0.421	0.421	0.001
Post: rubric for speaking assessment: usage (SPA 5S)	32	2.88	0.871	0.432	0.380	−0.432	0.432	0.001
Post: rubric for speaking assessment: ideas/meaning (SPA 5S)	32	2.59	0.798	0.476	0.305	−0.476	0.476	0.001