Research Article
The Short-Run and Long-Run Relationships between Mortality and the Business Cycle in Canada
Table 1
Phillip-Perron stationarity test.
(a) Stationarity test in levels |
| Variable | PP statistic | PP critical value (5%) |
| Death rate | −1.1822 | −3.4904 | Unemployment rate | −1.9982 | −2.9737 | Real GDP per capita | −2.2823 | −3.4904 | Real health expenditure per capita | −1.7556 | −3.4904 | Female death rate | −2.4057 | −3.4904 | Male death rate | −2.0220 | −3.4904 |
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(b) Stationarity test in first difference |
| Variable | PP statistic | PP critical value (5%) |
| Death rate | −7.9970 | −2.9146 | Unemployment rate | −5.8568 | −2.9146 | Real GDP per capita | −5.4436 | −2.9146 | Real health expenditure per capita | −5.3781 | −2.9146 | Female death rate | −9.3015 | −2.9146 | Male death rate | −5.9515 | −2.9146 |
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