Antimicrobial resistance is a major obstacle in the fight against infectious diseases and a major global economic burden. Generally, antimicrobial resistance has developed through the widespread and often indiscriminate use of antimicrobials for non-therapeutic reasons in human and veterinary medicine, as well as in agriculture and aquaculture. As a result, several first-line antimicrobial medicines have lost their efficacy. On the other hand, microbial biofilm formation is the leading cause of antimicrobial resistance in microbial pathogens. Biofilms are aggregates of sessile microorganisms enclosed in a self-produced matrix that attach to each other and, in some instances, to a surface. Biofilms are one of the most successful, ubiquitous, and diversified living forms on Earth because of their essential qualities as communities of interconnected cells with heterogeneity, both physical and functional, and biofilm-specific defense systems. Biofilms have higher antibiotic resistance due to their resiliency, which leads to increased mortality and morbidity in patients with infectious illnesses. Therefore, the global health community is concerned about developing and spreading antimicrobial resistance due to biofilm-forming organisms. As a result, discovering effective therapeutic agents against biofilm-mediated antimicrobial-resistant pathogens would be both necessary and urgent.

The development of novel pharmaceuticals is critical to our capacity to combat antimicrobial resistance and treat biofilm-mediated infections successfully. Traditional medicine is one possible source of effective therapeutics. People all over the world utilize plants as their primary source of remedies for a variety of ailments. Since the beginning of modern scientific medicine, ethnomedicinal plants have been used to treat various ailments. In an era where medication resistance is rising and the availability of effective antibiotics is no longer a concern, ethnomedicinal plants as potent therapeutic agents are receiving a lot of attention. The traditional Chinese, African and Indian medicinal plants have been previously used to treat biofilm-associated upper respiratory infections. Furthermore, several ethnopharmacological studies have shown that numerous medicinal plants commonly used in the folk medicine system have been well reported for their antibacterial, antifungal, disinfectant, and wound healing effects. Similarly, the traditional ethnomedicinal plants have been well reported for their antibiofilm activity at sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations. Further, the ethnomedicinal plant-based medications are less toxic, have fewer adverse effects, and are cheaper. The majority of today’s modern medications are derived from natural sources or semi-synthetic versions of natural materials employed in traditional medical systems. As a result, screening traditional ethnomedicinal plants and their phytocompounds will be a sensible manner to antibiofilm drug development.

This Special Issue aims to bring together the most recent research on ethnomedicinal plants and their derived compounds, and its mediated nanomaterials with potent antibiofilm actions against antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. We encourage the submission of original research and review articles focusing on the following aspects.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Assessing the biofilm inhibitory potential of ethnomedicinal plants and identifying the active principle of the extracts
• Exploring the molecular mechanism of the antibiofilm potential of ethnomedicinal plants and their phytocompounds
• Understanding the toxic effect of ethnomedicinal plant extracts or phytocompounds and assessing their in vivo antibiofilm potential
• Synthesis of ethnomedicinal plants and their phytocompounds capped nanomaterials and it’s in vitro and in vivo antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activity