|
| Flavonoids | TCM sources | Models | Effects |
|
Baicalin
(C21H18O11) | Scutellariae radix | CS-induced rat model | Inhibition of inflammation; prevention of pulmonary function [23]; reducing oxidative stress [24] |
| CS-induced mice model | Reduction of inflammation; protection of pulmonary function [25] |
| In vitro model using CSE-exposed type II pneumocytes | Prevention of inflammation [23] |
| CSE-induced human type II alveolar epithelial carcinoma cell line (A549 cells) | Moderation of inflammation response [25] |
|
Oroxylin A
(C16H12O5) | Scutellariae radix | CS-induced mice model | Alleviation of inflammation and oxidative stress [26] |
| CSE induced BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells and RAW264.7 cells | Upregulation of Nrf2 expression and total cellular glutathione level [26] |
|
Liquiritin apioside
(C26H30O13) | Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma | CS-induced mice model | Inhibition of inflammation, myeloperoxidase activity, and increased SOD activity [27] |
| In vitro model using CSE-exposed A549 cells | Attenuation of cytotoxicity, inflammation, and depleted GSH levels [27] |
|
Phloretin
(C15H14O5) | Crotonis fructus; Rubi fructus | CS-induced mice model | Suppression of the mucus hypersecretion and inflammatory cell release [28] |
| CSE-induced NCI–H292 cell model | Moderation of inflammatory cytokines and the phosphorylation of MAPK pathways [28] |
|
Hesperidin
(C28H34O15) | Citrus reticulata | CSE-induced mice model | Inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress responses [29] |
|
Silymarin
(C25H22O10) | Silybl fructus | CS-induced mice model | Suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress [30] |
| Attenuation of autophagy [31] |
| Silybl fructus | CSE-induced BEAS-2B cell model | Moderation of inflammatory cytokines in an autophagy- and ERK/p38 MAPK-dependent manner [31] |
|
Naringenin
(C15H12O5) | Menthae herba | CS-induced mice model | Protecting pulmonary function and decreasing inflammatory cells and cytokines [32] |
| In vitro model using CSE-exposed A549 cells | Suppression of inflammation [32] |
|
Fisetin
(C15H10O6) | Gleditsiae spina | CS-induced rat model | Inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress; prevention of tissue damage [33] |
|
Casticin
(C19H18O8) | Viticis fructus | CS-induced C57BL/6 mice model | Inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [34] |
|
Isoliquiritigenin
(C15H12O4) | Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma | CS-induced mice model | Reduction of the infiltration of inflammatory cells and cytokines; reversion of lung pathological injuries and oxidative stress levels [35] |
|
Biochanin A
(C16H12O5) | Triflolium pratense | Male Hartley guinea pigs and female | Suppression of inflammation response [36] |
| BABL/c mice model |
| PM 2.5-induced rat model | Amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress [37] |
|
Isoorientin
(C21H20O11) | Anthopterus wardii | In vitro model using CSE-exposed human SAE cells | Anti-inflammatory activity [37] |
|
| Mangiferin (C19H18O11) | Anemarrhenae rhizoma | In vitro model using PAH-exposed BEAS-2B cells | Ameliorating oxidative stress, speeding up wound healing and restoring proliferation [38] |
|
Quercetin
(C15H10O7) | Polygoni avicularis herba | ACH-induced mice model | Relieving precontracted airway smooth muscle [39] |
| Patients with COPD | Restoring corticosteroid sensitivity [40] |
|
Genistein
(C15H10O5) | Iridis tectori rhizoma | Patients with COPD | Suppression of the NF-κB, TNF-α, and MMP-9-associated pathways [41] |
|
