Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

Multiresponse Optimization of Pomegranate Peel Extraction by Statistical versus Artificial Intelligence: Predictive Approach for Foodborne Bacterial Pathogen Inactivation

Table 1

Box–Behnken design and ANN models of variables (in coded levels), with phytochemical contents (TPC, TFC, and TAC) and anti-S. aureus and S.enterica activity responses.


Run order	(X1)	(X2)	(X3)	Recovery extraction (%)	Phytochemical content									Antibacterial activity
					TPC (mg GAE/g)			TFC (mg QE/g)			TAC (mg cy-3-glu/100 g)			S. aureus (MIC mg/ml)			S. enterica (MIC mg/ml)
					Exp.	Pred. RSM	Pred. ANN	Exp.	Pred. RSM	Pred. ANN	Exp.	Pred. RSM	Pred. ANN	Exp.	Pred. RSM	Pred. ANN	Exp.	Pred. RSM	Pred. ANN

1	10 (−1)	150 (0)	10 (−1)	18.45 ± 0.92^c	123.8 ± 6.19^cd	127.485	128.671	37.11 ± 1.85^f	35.249	37.06	4.78 ± 0.22^c	4.607	4.817	0.39 ± 0.00^b	0.34	0.395	0.195 ± 0.00^c	0.188	0.193
2	10 (−1)	180 (+1)	20 (0)	19.98 ± 0.95^d	118.02 ± 5.91^c	115.312	118.15	30.02 ± 1.45^d	28.892	30.006	4.64 ± 0.21^c	4.884	4.828	0.39 ± 0.00^b	0.492	0.382	0.195 ± 0.00^c	0.171	0.195
3	60 (+1)	150 (0)	10 (−1)	17.3 ± 0.86^b	109.6 ± 4.48^bc	106.637	109.849	37.09 ± 1.84^f	35.535	36.606	11.61 ± 0.52^h	10.085	11.582	0.097 ± 0.00^a	0.224	0.128	0.195 ± 0.00^c	0.185	0.194
4	35 (0)	150 (0)	20 (0)	17 ± 0.85^b	70.02 ± 3.49^a	70.00	71.156	22.00 ± 1.22^a	23.037	23.019	4.64 ± 0.21^c	4.633	4.586	1.56 ± 0.00^d	1.56	1.509	0.781 ± 0.00^b	0.780	0.772
5	10 (−1)	120 (−1)	20 (0)	15.6 ± 0.7^ab	130 ± 6.47^d	126.162	129.789	33.35 ± 1.62^de	34.749	33.507	3.71 ± 0.17^b	2.520	3.81	0.39 ± 0.00^b	0.464	0.386	0.39 ± 0.00^a	0.325	0.393
6	35 (0)	180 (+1)	10 (−1)	15 ± 0.75^a	85.00 ± 4.23^ab	84.125	84.729	25.00 ± 1.22^b	27.862	23.019	9.75 ± 0.46^g	9.385	9.808	0.781 ± 0.00^c	0.547	0.794	0.39 ± 0.00^a	0.424	0.388
7	60 (+1)	120 (−1)	20 (0)	15.15 ± 0.6^a	99.91 ± 4.92^b	102.712	100.108	29.00 ± 1.44^cd	30.108	28.917	3.94 ± 0.12^b	3.406	4.033	0.39 ± 0.00^b	0.347	0.411	0.195 ± 0.00^c	0.197	0.198
8	35 (0)	120 (−1)	10 (−1)	16.7 ± 0.45^b	112.5 ± 5.61^bc	112.65	112.16	30.01 ± 1.5^d	30.357	29.897	7.01 ± 0.33^f	8.766	6.982	0.195 ± 0.00^e	0.170	0.206	0.195 ± 0.00^c	0.196	0.197
9	35 (0)	150 (0)	20 (0)	14.4 ± 0.51^a	70.00 ± 3.41^a	70.00	71.156	22.01 ± 1.02^a	23.037	23.019	4.61 ± 0.21^c	4.633	4.586	1.56 ± 0.00^d	1.56	1.509	0.781 ± 0.00^b	0.780	0.772
10	35 (0)	150 (0)	20 (0)	17.85 ± 0.82^bc	70.01 ± 3.33^a	70.00	71.156	22.00 ± 1.09^a	23.037	23.111	4.64 ± 0.22^c	4.633	4.586	1.56 ± 0.00^d	1.56	1.509	0.781 ± 0.00^b	0.780	0.772
11	10 (−1)	150 (0)	30 (+1)	17.05 ± 0.79^b	106.5 ± 5.25^bc	109.462	107.043	35.50 ± 1.75^e	36.965	35.706	5.32 ± 0.20^d	5.547	4.112	0.39 ± 0.00^b	0.263	0.411	0.195 ± 0.00^c	0.193	0.193
12	60 (+1)	150 (0)	30 (+1)	15 ± 0.66^a	95.8 ± 4.77^b	92.112	95.755	28.00 ± 1.39^c	29.751	28.151	6.38 ± 0.30^e	6.554	6.384	0.195 ± 0.00^e	0.245	0.206	0.39 ± 0.00^a	0.364	0.369
13	35 (0)	120 (−1)	30 (+1)	17.27 ± 0.84^b	73.6 ± 3.66^a	74.475	73.895	33.36 ± 1.66^de	30.508	33.071	3.02 ± 0.14^a	3.068	3.341	0.39 ± 0.00^b	0.442	0.391	0.39 ± 0.00^a	0.414	0.415
14	35 (0)	180 (+1)	30 (+1)	17.35 ± 0.36^b	89.9 ± 4.44^ab	89.75	89.397	24.00 ± 1.15^b	23.643	24.154	14.86 ± 0.71ⁱ	12.792	14.434	0.195 ± 0.00^e	0.219	0.197	0.39 ± 0.00^a	0.381	0.382
15	60 (+1)	180 (+1)	20 (0)	17 ± 0.49^b	96.6 ± 4.81^b	100.437	96.482	28.06 ± 1.32^c	26.605	28.151	7.89 ± 0.37^f	9.484	7.961	0.781 ± 0.00^c	0.475	0.797	0.39 ± 0.00^a	0.363	0.374

Variables: extraction time (X1), agitation speed (X2), and solvent/solid ratio (X3). ±: Standard deviation of three replicates; Averages with different letters (a–i) in the same column, for each parameter, are different ().