Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Beverage: Nutraceutical Ingredient or Conveyor for the Intake of Medicinal Plants? Evidence from Paraguayan Folk Medicine

Table 1

List of medicinal plants used with mate and tereré beverages by Paraguayan migrants living in Misiones, Argentina.

Botanical name	Local name	Plant part used	Medicinal use	Mode of administration	Status	Number of use reports	Relative importance (RI)	Index of Agreement on Species (IAS)
Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze, Asteraceae, CTES0049658	Tapekue	Leaves, aerial parts	Ulcers, digestion problems	In mate	Native	5	13	0,75
Achyrocline flaccida (Weinm.) DC. Asteraceae, CTES0032301; Achyrocline tomentosa Rusby, Asteraceae, CTES0049806	Marcela, jate’i ka’a	Flower	Digestion problem, stomach ache, hot remedy	In mate	Native	17	26,5	0,875
Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.,; Arecaceae	Coco	Leaves	Hypertension, digestion problem	In tereré	Native	3	18,5	0,5
Allophylus edulis (A.St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk., Sapindaceae, CTES0026306	Kokû	Leaves	Cold remedy, digestion problem, heartburn, hapatitis, blood cleansing, hypertension, hangover, prophylactic	In tereré	Native	34	64,5	0,74
Aloe arborescens Mill.,; Xanthorrhoeaceae	Aloe de hoja angosta	Leaves	Cancer, heart problem	In mate	Introduced	3	18,5	0,5
Aloysia citriodora Palau, Verbenaceae, CTES0026156	Cedrón	Leaves	Heart problem	In mate	Native	1	9,5	0
Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) Tronc., Verbenaceae, CTES0049841	Poleo de palo	Leaves	Digestion problem	In mate	Native	1	9,5	0
Aloysia polystachya (Griseb.) Moldenke, Verbenaceae, CTES0032292	Burrito	Leaves	Digestion problem, stomach ache, hypertension, prophylactic	In mate	Native	12	32	0,72
Aloysia pulchra (Briq.) Moldenke, Verbenaceae, CTES0049842	Poleo	Leaves	Infecctions	In mate	Native	1	9,5	0
Anethum graveolens L., Apiaceae, BA92101	Eneldo	Seeds	Digestion problem, stomach ache	In mate	Introduced	2	13	0
Annona muricata L., Annonaceae	Graviola	Leaves	Cancer	In mate	Introduced	2	9,5	1
Aristolochia triangularis Cham., Aristolochiaceae, CTES0026276	Ysypo milhombre(s)	Liana	Blood cleansing, urinary infection, hypertension, cramps, abortive, contraceptive, restores menstruation, venereal disease, digestion problem, infections, internal cold, rheumatism, cure-all, prophylactic	In mate	Native	28	100	0,55
Artemisia absinthium L., Asteraceae, CTES0030264	Ajenjo	Leaves	Stomach ache, digestion problem, diabetes, cure-all	In mate	Introduced	10	30	0,67
Baccharis gaudichaudiana DC., Asteraceae, CTES0026286	Chirca melosa	Leaves	Blood cleansing, digestion problem, stomach ache	In mate	Native	3	22,5	0
Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., Asteraceae, CTES0032297	Jaguarete ka’a, carqueja	Leaves	Digestion problem, stomach ache, diabetes, high level of cholesterol, blood cleansing, hangover	In mate	Native	19	50,5	0,72
Bauhinia forficata Link, Fabaceae, CTES0049618	Pata del buey	Leaves	Kidney infection	In mate and tereré	Native	2	9,5	1
Bauhinia microstachya (Raddi) J.F.Macbr., Fabaceae, CTES0032148	Ka’i escalera, pata del buey’i	Liana	Urinary infection, liquid retention, diabetes	In mate and tereré	Native	7	22,5	0,67
Begonia cucullata Willd., Begoniaceae, BA92089	Agrial	Leaves	Aphtha	In tereré	Native	1	9,5	0
Bidens pilosa L., CTES0049811, Bidens subalternans DC., Asteraceae, CTES0026269	Amor seco, picón	Aerial parts	Prostate, diabetes, hot remedy	In mate	Native	3	28	0
Boerhavia diffusa L., Nyctaginaceae, CTES0055777	Ka’arurupe	Aerial parts	Stomach ache	In tereré	Introduced	1	9,5	0
Campomanesia sp., Myrtaceae, CTES0049691	Yva hái mi	Tree bark	Diabetes	In mate	Native	1	9,5	0
Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O.Berg, Myrtaceae, CTES0055662	Guavira	Leaves	Diarrhea	In mate	Native	1	9,5	0
Cecropia pachystachya Trécul, Urticaceae, CTES0032286	Amba’y	Leaves, young shoots	Cough, bronchitis, rheumatism, gastritis	In mate	Native	5	31,5	0,25
Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E.Jarvis, Vitaceae, CTES0055762	Insulina	Leaves	Diabetes	In mate	Native	2	9,5	1
Citrus × aurantium L., Rutaceae, CTES0032134	Apepu	Leaves, fruit	Nervous tension, high level of cholesterol	In mate and tereré	Naturalized	2	18,5	0
Citrus reticulata Blanco, Rutaceae, CTES0032133	Mandarina	Leaves	Cold sore	In mate	Introduced	1	9,5	0
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Rutaceae, CTES0032133	Naranja	Leaves	Nervous tension, headache, hypertension	In mate	Introduced	5	27,5	0,5
Croton sp., Euphorbiaceae, CTES0049687	Sangre de grado	Tree bark	Diabetes, lack of appetite	In mate	Native	2	18,5	0
Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague, Apiaceae, CTES0049517	Apio’i	Aerial parts	Cold remedy, hangover, cold sore	In tereré	Native	5	22,5	0,5
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Poaceae, CTES0048733	Cedrón	Leaves	Heart problems, nervous tension, hypertension, digestion problems, prophylactic	In mate and tereré	Introduced	20	41	0,79
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Poaceae, CTES0025340	Gramilla	Root	Liquid retension	In tereré	Native	1	9,5	0
Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G. Lohmann, Bignoniaceae, CTES0049524	Uña de gato	Rhizome	Kidney infection, urinary problems, cold remedy	In tereré	Native	5	18,5	0,5
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Amaranthaceae, CTES0032130	Ka’arê	Leaves	Hot remedy	In mate	Introduced	3	9,5	1
Elionurus muticus (Spreng.) Kuntze, Poaceae, CTES0026294	Kapi’i cedrón	Leaves	Nervous tension	In mate	Native	1	9,5	0
Equisetum giganteum L., Equisetaceae, CTES0049521	Cola de caballo	Leaves	Kidney infection, urinary problems, liquid retention, kidney stones	In mate and tereré	Native	12	20,5	0,72
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Rosaceae, CTES0032147	Níspero	Leaves, young shoots	Hypertension, all-cure	In mate and tereré	Introduced	2	18,5	0
Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. var. pyriformis, Myrtaceae, CTES0048743	Yva hái	Leaves	Diabetes, hypertension, high level of cholesterol	In mate and tereré	Native	7	18,5	0,66
Eugenia uniflora L., Myrtaceae, CTES0026288	Ñangapiry, pitanga	Leaves	Hypertension, cold remedy	In mate and tereré	Native	11	18,5	0,82
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, Euphorbiaceae	Tupasy kamby	Aerial parts	Liquid retension, blood cleansing	In mate	Native	2	18,5	0
Euphorbia serpens Kunth, Euphorbiaceae, CTES0026291	Tupasy kamby	Aerial parts	Cold remedy, vaginal discharge	In mate	Native	2	18,5	0
Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae, CTES0049511	Aipo, hinojo	Aerial parts	Muscle pains, overheated stomach	In mate and tereré	Introduced	2	18,5	0
Gleditsia amorphoides (Griseb.) Taub., Fabaceae, CTES0026088	Ñuatî kurusu	Tree bark	Hypertension, infection	In mate	Native	2	18,5	0
Gomphrena celosioides Mart. f. roseiflora (Chodat & Hassl.) Pedersen, Amaranthaceae, CTES0055763	Perudilla	Aerial parts	Cold remedy, cold sore	In tereré	Native	4	13	0,67
Guarea macrophylla Vahl subsp. spiciflora (A. Juss.) T.D. Penn., Meliaceae, CTES0026272	Cedrillo	Trunk	Inernal jab and wound	In mate and tereré	Native	3	9,5	1
Gynerium spp., Poaceae	Caña brava	Root	Blood cleansing	In mate	Native	1	9,5	0
Hemionitis tomentosa (Lam.) Raddi, Pteridaceae, CTES0049653	Doradilla	Leaves	Vaginal discharge, irregular menstruation, bladder infection, blood cleansing	In mate	Native	4	31,5	0
Heteropterys glabra Hook & Arn., Malpighiaceae, CTES0026280	Tilo	Leaves, flower	Heart problem, nervous tension	In mate	Native	2	18,5	0
Hypochaeris chillensis (Kunth) Hieron., Asteraceae, CTES0026099	Achicoria silvestre	Root, leaves	Cold remedy	In tereré	Native	6	9,5	1
Jacaranda micrantha Cham., Bignoniaceae, CTES0026265	Karoba	Tree bark	Blood cleansing, cure-all	In mate	Native	7	18,5	0,83
Jacaratia spinosa (Aubl.) A.DC., Caricaceae, CTES0032144	Jakarati’a	Leaves	Hypertension	In mate	Native	1	9,5	0
Lactuca virosa Habl., Asteraceae, CTES0030265	Lechuga japonesa	Leaves	Hypertension	In tereré	Introduced	1	9,5	0
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P.Wilson, Verbenaceae,; BA92110	Salvia	Leaves, flower	Menstrual pain, stomach pain, hot remedy, prophylactic, all-cure	In mate	Native	8	50,5	0,43
Lippia brasiliensis (Link) T.R.S. Silva, Verbenaceae, CTES0049516	Jate’i ka’a ka’aguy	Leaves	Abdomen pain, hot remedy, prophylactic	In mate	Native	3	28	0
Malva parviflora L., Malvaceae, CTES0049514	Malva de castilla	Leaves	Prophylactic during pregnancy, hot remedy	In mate	Introduced	2	18,5	0
Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae	Mango	Leaves, seed	Hypertension, constipation	In mate and tereré	Introduced	4	18,5	0,67
Matricaria chamomilla L., Asteraceae, CTES0026285	Manzanilla	Inflorescence	Menstrual pain, stomach pain, hot remedy, infections, prophylactic	In mate	Introduced	9	50,5	0,5
Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek, Celastraceae, CTES0048746	Kangorosa	Leaves, root, bark	Blood cleansing, high level of cholesterol, hypertension, internal infections, ulcers, abdomen pain, urinary infection, hot remedy	In mate	Native	30	77	0,76
Melilotus sp., Fabaceae	Alfalfa	Aerial parts	Rheumatism, eye problem	In mate and tereré	Introduced	2	18,5	0
Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae, CTES0032129	Toronjil	Leaves	Heart problem, cold remedy	In mate and tereré	Introduced	2	18,15	0
Mentha sp., Lamiaceae Mentha spicata L. CTES0030909	Menta, menta’i	Leaves	Nervous tension, heart problem, hypertension, headache, intestinal problems, abdomen pain, hot remedy, cold remedy, yerba mate additive	In mate and tereré	Introduced	16	58,25	0,53
Moringa oleifera Lam., Moringaceae, CTES0049652	Moringa	Leaves	Diabetes, high level of cholesterol, cancer, ulcers, digestion problem, kidney infection, urinary problem, prophylactic, all-cure	In mate and tereré	Introduced	15	69,25	0,43
Morus alba L., Moraceae, CTES0049525	Mora	Leaves	Hypertension, excessive libido	In mate and tereré	Introduced	2	18,5	0
Myrocarpus frondosus Allemao, Fabaceae	Incienso	Tree bark	Ulcers	In mate	Native	1	9,5	0
Ocimum cf. basilicum var. anisatum Benth, Lamiaceae, CTES0030915	Anís	Leaves	Prophylactic	In mate	Introduced	3	18,5	1
Panicum tricholaenoides Steud., Poaceae, CTES0032493	Cola de caballo	Leaves	Kidney infection	In mate and tereré	Native	2	9,5	1
Parietaria debilis G. Forst., Urticaceae, CTES0055778	Ka’a piky	Aerial parts	Cold remedy, cold sore, nervous tension,	In tereré	Native	14	31,5	0,85
Parietaria judaica L., Urticaceae, CTES0049674	Buscapina	Leaves	Digestion problem	In mate	Introduced	1	9,5	0
Passiflora alata Curtis, Passifloraceae, CTES0032140	Mburukuja	Leaves	Nervous tension	In tereré	Native	1	9,5	0
Peperomia circinnata Link, Piperaceae, CTES0049675	Jatevu ka’a	Entire plant	Hypertension	In tereré	Native	2	9,5	1
Persea americana Mill., Lauraceae	Palta	Seeds	Kidney infection	In mate	Naturalized	1	9,5	0
Persea americana var. drimyfolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) S.F.Blake, Lauraceae, BA92058	Palta anís	Leaves	Heart problem, liver problem, cold remedy	In mate and tereré	Naturalized	3	28	0
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss, Apiaceae, CTES0049501	Perejíl	Leaves	Cold remedy	In tereré	Introduced	1	9,5	0
Phyllanthus niruri L., Phyllanthaceae, CTES0026299	Rompepiedras, quebrapiedra, para’parai	Aerial parts	Kidney infection, urinary problems, liquid retention	In mate and tereré	Native	7	17	0,67
Piper mikanianum (Kunth) Steud., Piperaceae, CTES0032289	Pariparoba	Leaves	Heart problem, abdomen pain, hot remedy	In mate	Native	5	28	0,5
Plantago australis Lam., Plantaginaceae,; BA92072	Llantén	Leaves	Flu, sore throat, infections, cold sore, blood cleansing, prophylactic, cure-all	In mate	Native	10	54,5	0,33
Pluchea sagittalis Less., Asteraceae, CTES0048748	Yerba del lucero	Leaves	Digestion problem	In mate	Native	1	9,5	0
Rollinia salicifolia Schltdl., Annonaceae, CTES0026257	Aratiku	Leaves, flower	Hypertension, diabetes	In mate	Native	4	18,5	0,67
Rosa sp., Rosaceae, CTES0049673	Rosa	Flower	Constipation	In mate	Introduced	1	9,5	0
Rosmarinus officinalis L., Lamiaceae, CTES0049845	Romero	Leaves	Heart problem, nervous tension, abdomen pain, stomach pain, high level of cholesterol, hypertension, blood cleansing, hot remedy, headache, imporves memory, prophylactic, all-cure, yerba mate additive	In mate	Introduced	32	84,5	0,65
Ruta chalepensis L., Rutaceae, CTES0026289	Ruda	Leaves	Sore throat, prophylactic	In mate	Introduced	3	18,5	0,5
Scoparia dulcis L., Plantaginaceae, CTES0049830	Typycha kuratû	Aerial parts	Digestion problem, stomach ache, diabetes	In mate	Native	3	22,5	0
Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw., Cucurbitaceae, CTES0026263	Chuchu, xuxu	Leaves	Hypertension	In mate	Naturalized	1	9,5	0
Sida cordifolia L., Malvaceae, CTES0026266	Malva blanca	Leaves, flower	Vaginal discharge, vaginal infection, irregular menstruation, menstrual pain, prophylactic during pregnancy, hot remedy, blood cleansing, kidney infection, urinary problem	In mate	Native	19	62	0,55
Smallanthus connatus (Spreng.) H.Rob., Asteraceae, CTES0049444	Jaguarete po	Leaves	Diabetes, high level of cholesterol, stomach ache	In mate and tereré	Native	7	28	0,67
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam., Solanaceae, CTES0032288	Ñuatî pytâ	Root	Urinary infection	In tereré	Introduced	1	9,5	0
Solidago chilensis Meyen,; Asteraceae, CTES0049655	Teju ka’a, yerba del lagarto	Aerial parts	Prophylactic	In mate	Native	1	9,5	0
Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W.C. Burger, Lanj.&Wess. Boer, Moraceae, CTES0026282	Ñandypa	Root, leaves	High level of cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, blood cleansing	In mate	Native	15	32	0,78
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl, Verbenaceae, CTES0055765	Tatu ruguái, verbena tatu ruguái	Aerial parts	Prostate, male aphrodisiac	In mate and tereré	Native	2	13	0
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni, Asteraceae, CTES0049664	Ka’a he’ê	Leaves	Heartburn, diabetes, prophylactic	In mate	Native	4	28	0,33
Styrax leprosus Hook. & Arn., Styracaceae, CTES0026167	Carne de vaca	Tree bark	Diabetes, high level of cholesterol	In mate	Native	4	18,5	0,67
Tabernaemontana catharinensis A.DC., Apocynaceae, CTES0049506	Horquetero	Leaves	Diabetes, high level of cholesterol	In mate	Native	2	18,5	0
Tagetes minuta L., Asteraceae, CTES0026292	Suico	Leaves, flower	Intestinal parasites, empacho (folk illness)	In mate	Native	2	18,5	0
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip., Asteraceae, CTES0049661	Manzanilla guasu	Flower	Stomach ache	In mate	Introduced	1	9,5	0
Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd., Urticaceae, CTES0026278	Ortiga grande	Root	Urinary problem, liquid retension, blood cleansing	In tereré	Native	4	22,5	0,33
Verbena litoralis Kunth, Verbenaceae, CTES0026305; Verbena montevidensis Spreng.,; Verbenaceae, BA92064	Verbena	Leaves	Stomach ache, digestion problem, lack of appetite, fever, diabetes, cold remedy, blood cleansing, hangover, headache, cure-all	In tereré	Native	18	66	0,59
Xanthium spinosum L., Asteraceae, CTES0049666	Cepacaballo, abrojito	Leaves	Digestion problem, liver problem, cold remedy	In mate and tereré	Introduced	3	22,5	0
Zea mays L., Poaceae	Barba de choclo	Flower	Urinary problem	In mate	Introduced	2	9,5	1