Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Components of the Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Table 1

Summary of studies included in the systematic review.

First author (Ref number) (y) (country)	Number of ginger/control groups	Population characteristics	Experimental intervention/dosage	Control intervention/dosage	Follow-up duration	Outcomes	Study design
Alizadeh-Navaei, [21] (2008) (Iran)	45/40	Hyperlipidemia/53.6 ± 11	Ginger capsule (3 g/d)	Lactose capsule (3 g/d)	45 days	Dec: TG, TC, LDL-c. Inc: HDL-c.	RCT
Andallu, [22] (2003) (India)	8/8	T2DM/men/weight (50–70 kg)/40–60	Ginger capsule (3 g/d)	NR	30 days	Dec: FBG, TG, TC, LDL-c. Inc: HDL-c.	NR
Arablou, [23] (2014) (Iran)	33/30	T2DM/BMI (20–35)/HbA1c (7–10%)/30–70 y	Ginger capsule (1.6 g/d)	Wheat flour capsule (1.6 g/d)	12 weeks	Dec: FBG, HbA1c, INS, HOMA-IR, TG, TC.; NC: LDL-c, HDL-c, BMI.	RCT
Mahluji, [24] (2013) (Iran)	28/30	T2DM (at least 2 years)/mean BMI (29.5)/38–65 y	Ginger tablet (2 g/d)	Corn starch tablet (2 g/d)	2 months	Dec: INS, HOMA-IR, TG, LDL-c.; NC: FBG, HbA1c, TC, HDL-c, BMI.	RCT
Mozaffari-Khosravi, [25] (2014) (Iran)	40/41	T2DM (at least 10 years)/BMI < 40/30–70 y	Ginger capsule (3 g/d)	Cellulose microcrystalline capsule (3 g/d)	8 weeks	Dec: FBG, HbA1c.; NC: INS, HOMA-IR, BMI.	RCT
Shidfar, [26] (2015) (Iran)	22/23	T2DM (at least 2 years)/BMI ≤ 30/HbA1c (6–8%)/20–60 y	Ginger capsule (3 g/d)	Lactose capsule (3 g/d)	3 months	Dec: FBG, HbA1c, INS, HOMA-IR.	RCT
Atashak, [27] (2011) (Iran)	8/8	Obese men/BMI ≥ 30/18–30 y	Ginger capsule (1 g/d)	Maltodextrin capsule (1 g/d)	10 weeks	NC: BMI, TG, TC, LDL-c, HDL-c.	RCT
Attari, [28] (2015) (Iran)	39/31	Obese women/BMI (30–40)/18–45 y	Ginger tablet (2 g/d)	Corn starch tablet (2 g/d)	12 weeks	Dec: TG. NC: FBG, TC, LDL-c, HDL-c.	RCT
Attari, [29] (2016) (Iran)	39/31	Obese women/BMI (30–40)/18–45 y	Ginger tablet (2 g/d)	Corn starch tablet (2 g/d)	12 weeks	Dec: INS, HOMA, BMI. NC: FBG.	RCT
Karimi, [30] (2015) (Iran)	10/10	Obese women (with breast neoplasms)/BMI (29.78 ± 3)/30–60 y	Ginger capsule (3 g/d)	Starch (4 g/d)	6 weeks	NC: FBG, INS, IR, TG, TC, LDL-c, HDL-c.	RCT
Imani, [31] (2015) (Iran)	18/18	CAPD (with hyperglycemia or dyslipidemia)/29–79 y	Ginger capsule (1 g/d)	Starch (1 g/d)	10 weeks	Dec: FBG.	RCT
Tabibi, [32] (2016) (Iran)	18/18	CAPD (with hyperglycemia or dyslipidemia)/29–79 y	Ginger capsule (1 g/d)	Starch (1 g/d)	10 weeks	Dec: TG.; NC: TC, LDL-c, HDL-c.	RCT

T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus, CAPD: continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, BMI: body mass index, y: year, g: gram, d: day. FBG: fasting blood glucose, HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin, INS: fasting insulin, HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index, TG: triglyceride, TC: total cholesterol, LDL-c: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-c: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. NC: not changed, Dec: deceased, Inc: increased, NR: not reported. RCT: randomized controlled trial. instead of mean ± standard deviation. at the follow-up.