Activities Extracts/compounds Models Doses Biological activities Ref. Metabolism regulation Ethanol KP extract: modified starch (3:7) for powder. Male ddY mice, 45mg/kg/day, μ g/mL Improve physical fitness performance and muscular endurance, increase PGC-1α and GS expression. [2 ] Methanol KP extract dissolved in DMSO 3T3-L1 3, 10, and 30 μ g/mL Activate ATGL/HSL/PPARγ ; increase lipolysis; decrease hypertrophy. [4 ] Compound-1 , -4 dissolved in DMSO 3T3-L1 5, 15, and 30 μ g/mL 50% ethanol extract was freeze-dried for powder C57BL6J mice HFD containing 0.5% or 1% KP extract for 7 weeks Increase UCP1 expression, activate BAT. [18 ] KP rhizome was pulverized with a Wonder Blender for KP powder TSOD mice 1% and 3% KP powder in powder feed MF Suppress body weight increase, visceral fat accumulation, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, peripheral neuropathy, lipid metabolism abnormalities, and insulin resistance. [19 ] Ethyl acetate KP extract dissolved in DMSO 3T3-L1 1 and 3 μ g/mL Upregulate γ expression and downregulate GATA-2 expression. [20 ] Compound-1 , -4 dissolved in DMSO 3T3-L1 3, 10, and 30 μ M Ethyl acetate KP extract was pulverized for KP powder TSOD mice, 0.3% and 1% KP mix with MF for 8 weeks Upregulate PPARγ , UCP-1, and β 3AR expression, accumulate triacylglycerol. [21 ] Ethyl acetate KP extract Brown adipocytes 1, 3, 10, and 30 μ g/mL 70% ethanol KP extract dissolved in DMSO pC2C12 dC2C12 1, 3, and 10 μ g/mL Upregulate the expression of GLUT4, MCT1, and PGC-1α [22 ] Compound-6 ,-12 ,-15 dissolved in DMSO 1 and 10μ M 95% ethanol KP extract C57BL/6J 200 mg/kg/day + HFD for 10 weeks Increase PGC-1α , NRF-1, NRF-1, and Tfam expression [23 ] L6 myotubes 1 and 10 μ g/mL Upregulate Sirt1/AMPK/PPARδ /α 95% ethanol KP extract was prepared by lyophilization Male mice 250 mg/kg KP extract in carboxymethyl cellulose for 7, 14, 21 days Increase CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B, and CYP2E1 activities, but CYP3A not change. [10 ] 60% ethanol KP extract mixed with dextrin for dried powder volunteers 100 mg in a pullulan capsule Increase whole-body energy expenditure. [24 ] Anti-cancer 95% ethanol KP extract was prepared for freeze-dried powder dissolved in DMSO U937 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μ g/mL Inhibit proliferation and viability, increase apoptosis [25 ] Methanol extract was partitioned into EtOAc-soluble fraction and methanol fraction B16 melanoma 4A5 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 μ g/mL Inhibit melanogenesis with IC50 = 9.6 and 4.9 μ g/mL for methanol extract and EtOAc-soluble fraction [8 ] Compound-3 , -7 , -10 , and -11 B16 melanoma 4A5 3,10, and 30 μ M Inhibit melanogenesis, suppress tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 expression. [8 , 26 ] 95% ethanol KP extract was prepared by lyophilization and dissolved in DMSO HeLa 10, 50, and 100 μ g/mL Suppress PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling, inhibit migration and invasion, inhibit MMP-2 expression Tincture, ethanol, or aqueous extract and Compound-1 dissolved in DMSO LLC-GA5- 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 μ g/mL Increase the accumulation of rhodamine 123 and daunorubicin [27 ] Tincture, ethanol, or aqueous extract and Compound-1 dissolved in DMSO A549 0.3-100 μ g/mL Accumulate calcein and doxorubicin [28 ] Ethanol extract (no details in preparation) aortic ring 10 and 100 μ g/mL Antagonize PE- or ACH-induced contraction. [29 ] Vascular relaxation and cardioprotection 95% ethanol KP extract dried under vacuum was dissolved in DMSO HUVEC 1 and 10 μ g/mL Upregulate the expression of eNOS and NO [30 ] Dichloromethane fraction of KP ethanol extract middle-aged male rats 100 mg/kg twice a day for 6 weeks Decrease contraction to phenylephrine, increase vasorelaxation to acetylcholine. [31 ] 95% ethanol KP extract was prepared by lyophilization suspended in 15% Tween-20 aortic ring 1, 10, and 100 μ g/mL Reduce superoxide anion [32 ] 95% ethanol KP extract was prepared by lyophilization suspended in 15% Tween-20-1 suspended in mixture (Tween 80: carboxy-methylcellulose sodium aortic ring 1, 10, and 100 μ g/mL Upregulate cGMP-NO signaling, inhibit Ca2+ influx, and reduce ROS [33 ] Upregulate eNOS and CSE expression and downregulate NO and H2 S production. Low down plasma glucose and elevate HDLC levels. [34 ] 70% methanol extract was lyophilized to dried extract and was suspended in 50 % propylene glycol aqueous solution DIC rats 200 and 500 mg/kg for 7 successive days prolong euglobulin lysis time, activate fibrinolysis [35 ] Saline extract was filtered with Whatman filtered paper NO.1 Swine heart 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg Increase DFT and ULV, attenuate diastolic and systolic blood pressures. [36 ] Saline extract was filtered with Whatman filtered paper NO.1 normal rat heart 12.5 and 100 mg/kg Upregulate cGMP-NO signaling and downregulate Ca2+ transient. [37 ] Compound-6 dissolved in DMSO aortic ring 10, 30, and 100 μ M Induce vasorelaxation, activate NO-eGMP, increase K+ efflux, and attenuate Ca2+ influx. [38 ] The water-soluble powder of KP suspended in Tween 80 (no details in preparation for dried powder) STZ-induced diabetic rats 140, 280, and 420 mg/kg Increase serum testosterone levels, sperm concentration, teste weight, and improve sexual performance. [39 ] Sexual enhancement Ethanol, hexane, and water extract prepared with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) SD rats 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg for 5 weeks Only ethanol extract increases the blood flow to the testis. [40 ] Ethanol extract was evaporated under reduced pressure until dried dissolved in DMSO PDE-5 from mouse lung 50 μ g/mL Show 62.63% inhibitory effect (IC50 =12.24μ g/mL) [7 ] Compound-6 dissolved in DMSO PDE-5 from mouse lung 10 μ M IC50 = 10.64±2.09 μ M [7 ] Compound-1 Isolated human cavernosum 0.1 and 0.3 mM Inhibit L-type Ca2+ channel, induce immobilization of Ca2+ . [41 ] Compound-4 , -6 AChE, BChE 0.1 mg/mL Inhibit the activity of AChE and BChE [6 ] Neuroprotection Ethanol extract was dissolved in 2% Tween 80 SD rats 200 mg/kg Increase NE, 5-HT, and DA production, increase GFAP and DPYSL2 expression. [42 ] Compound-1 , -4 , -6 Recombinant human BACE1 3, 30, 50, and 100 μ g/mL inhibit BACE1 activity (IC50= 5.98×10-5M, 3.69×10-5M, and 4.95×10-5M, respectively) [43 ] 95% ethanol KP extract dissolved in 0.5% carboxymethycellulose Rats 100 mg/kg Improve spatial memory and cells proliferation damaged by VPA. [44 ] n -hexane extract was dried by nitrogen gas and dissolved in DMSORBL-2H3 125, 250, 500 μ g/mL Inhibit degranulation; Inhibit the productions of TNFα , IL-4, and MCP-1. [45 ] anti-allergy Compound-6 , -10 was dissolved in 50% ethanol RBL-2H3 50μ M Inhibit degranulation; Inhibit the productions of TNFα , IL-4, and MCP-1.50 value of 9.2 μ g/mL. [45 , 46 ] Ethanol extract was partitioned by hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water fractions and evaporated to dryness in vacuo RAW264.7 3, 10, 30, and 100 μ g/mL Compound-10 RAW264.7 3, 10, 30, and 100 μ M Inhibit PGE2 and iNOS expression. [46 ] Compound-10 dissolved in DMSO RAW264.7 3, 10, 30, and 100 μ g/mL Inhibit the release of NO (IC50 =16.1μ M) and PGE2 (IC50 =16.3μ M), but inactive on TNFα release. [47 ] Chloroform fraction and ethanol extract were evaporated to dryness in vacuo RAW264.7 1,3, 10, 30, and 100 μ g/mL Inhibit NO release with IC50 value of 8.4 and 8.1 μ g/mL, respectively. [48 ] Compound-3 ,-4 ,-6 RAW264.7 3, 10, and 30 μ g/mL Inhibit NO release with IC50 value of 5.1, 4.6, and 8.7 μ g/mL, respectively. Suppress iNOS and TNFα expression through SYK pathway, but not ERK and JNK pathways. [48 ] 50% ethanol extract RAW264.7, THP-1 250, 500, and 1000 μ g/mL Decrease NO levels, inhibit THP-1 adhesive activity and CAMs and inflammatory cytokines expression, and ameliorate oxidative stress. [49 ] Compound-3 Rat chondrocytes 5, 10, and 20 μ g/mL Decrease IL-1β , TNFα , and PGE2 levels, inhibit EP/cAMP/PKA signaling and β -catenin signaling, downregulate PERK-CHOP signaling, IRE1-JNK signaling, and GSK-3β expression, upregulate GRP78 and XBP1 expression. [50 –53 ] Anti-osteoarthritis Ethanol extract TSOD mice 1% KP mix with MF for 12 weeks Decrease the thickness of subcutaneous fat layer and the infiltration of adipocytes into the dermis. Prevent against UVB-induced denaturation of collagenous fibers. [54 ] Transdermal permeation Ethanol extract Epididymis, BPH rat model 100, 200, 500 μ g/mL Inhibit 5α R activity, decrease the weights of seminal vesicles and prostate. [55 ] Miscellaneous section Compound-1 , -4 Epididymis 50 μ M Inhibit 5α R activity with IC50 values of 46.6 μ M and 48.7 μ M, respectively. [55 , 56 ] 70% methanol KP extract was prepared by lyophilization and dissolved in propylene glycol Rat 30, 60, and 100 mg/kg Inhibit gastric ulcer induction, preserve gastric wall mucus, and exhibit no effects on gastric volume, acidity, and pH output. 95% ethanol extract was concentrated under reduced pressure 5-week-old female hairless mice 100 and 200 mg/kg Suppress UVB-induced MMP-2, -3, -9, -13 IL-1β , COX-2, NF-κ B and c-Jun/c-Fos signaling. [57 ] 95% ethanol extract was concentrated under reduced pressure 8-week-old female hairless mice 200mg/kg/day for 24 weeks; Increase PGC-1α , ERRα , NRF-1, Tfam, E2F1, E2F2, FoxO3a, and mTOR expression; inhibit β -galactosidase, p16, p21, p53, pRb, and PI3K/AKT expression. [58 ] 95% ethanol extract was concentrated under reduced pressure Hs68 cells 1, 5, and 10 μ g/mL Increase PGC-1α , ERRα , NRF-1, Tfam, E2F1, E2F2, FoxO3a, and mTOR expression; inhibit β -galactosidase, p16, p21, p53, pRb, and PI3K/AKT expression. [58 ]
