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| Species | Authors | Preparation | Route of administration | Species | Anxiety Model | Dose | Observed Effect |
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| Citrus aurantium | Carvalho and Costa, 2002 | Citrus aurantium essential oil | Gavage oral administration | Male Swiss mice | Pentobarbital Sleeping Time (induced by sodium pentobarbital 40 mg/kg, i.p.)
Elevated Plus Maze Test (EPM)
Open Field Test
Rota-Rod Test
Convulsing Tests (induced by subcutaneous injection of pentylenetetrazole – 85 mg/kg). | Animals were orally treated with Citrus aurantium essential oil (0.5 or 1.0 g/kg), extract or fractions (HE, HF, DF and AF at 1.0 g/kg) 30 min before the experiments for the evaluation of the sedative/hypnotic activity, anxiolytic activity (elevated plus maze and anticonvulsant activity or by maximal electroshock. | Citrus aurantium 1.0 g/kg increased the sleeping time induced by barbiturates and the time spent in the open arms of the EPM.
Both doses of preparation used did not promote deficits in general activity or motor coordination. HF and DF fractions (1.0 g/kg) did not interfere in the epileptic seizures but were able to enhance the sleeping time induced by barbiturates. |
| Leite et al., 2010 | Citrus aurantium essential oil | Inhalation | Male Wistar rats | Open-field behavioral test
Social interaction test
Elevated plus-maze test (EPM) | Citrus aurantium essential oil was administered at the concentrations of 1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0%, w/w, for 7 minutes.
Control groups: saline, or diazepam 1.5 mg/ kg i.p. | Citrus aurantium essential oil at the concentration of 2.5% increased both the time of the animals in the open arms of the EPM and the time of active social interaction in the open-field being longer than that of the diazepam group. |
| Costa et al., 2013 | Citrus aurantium essential oil | Gavage oral administration | Male Swiss mice | Light/Dark Box Test
Rotarod Test (RRT)
Forced Swim Test (FST)
| Citrus aurantium essential oil was administered as single dose (5 mg/kg) or 14-day repeated dose (1 mg/kg/day). | C. aurantium EO possesses a significant anxiolytic-like activity, and the present results strongly suggest the involvement
of 5-HT1A-receptors. |
| Pultrini et al., 2006 | Citrus aurantium essential oil | Gavage oral administration | Male Swiss mice | Light–dark box test
Marble-burying test
Rotarod test
| Citrus aurantium essential oil 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg in a volume of 10 ml/kg. | In light–dark box test, single treatment with essential oil (0.5 or 1.0 g/kg) increased the time spent by mice in the light chamber and the number of transitions between the two compartments.
Single and repeated treatments with essential oil (0.5 or 1.0 g/kg) were able to suppress marble-burying behavior.
No impairment on rotarod procedure after both single and repeated treatments with essential oil was observed, denoting absence of motor deficit. |
Khosravi et al., 2014
| Citrus aurantium essential oil | Intraperitoneal injection | Male albino mice | Elevated plus-maze test (EPM) | Intraperitoneal injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil was administered at different doses (0.5, 2.5, and 5 percent) for 5 days.
Diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) was injected on the fifth day, thirty minutes before Citrus aurantium L. essential oil administration.
Control and sham group received olive oil. | In groups receiving Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 2.5 and 5 %, there was a significant increase in percent of time spent in the open arms.
The injection of diazepam alone or with Citrus aurantium L. essential oil caused an increase in the number of entries and the percent of time spent in the open arms.
The results of this study show that Citrus aurantium L. essential oil can reduce anxiety-related behaviors in male mice that may act via GABAergic system. |
| Saketi et al., 2014 | Citrus aurantium essential oil | Intraperitoneal injection
| Male albino mice
| Elevated plus maze test
| Citrus aurantium L. essential oil was administered at doses of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 percent for 5 days.
In another set of experiments, after intraperitoneal injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 percent for 5 days, on day 5, 30 minutes before applying essential oil, fluoxetine (2 mg/kg) was injected. | Injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil, alone or along with fluoxetine, increased the number of entries into the open arms and the time spent in open arms that may act via serotonergic system.
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| Citrus sinensis | Faturi et al., 2010 | Citrus sinensis essential oil | Inhalation | Male Wistar rats | Elevated plus-maze
Light/dark paradigm | Citrus sinensis essential Oil was administered at 100, 200 and 400 μl.
Control groups were intraperitoneally injected with diazepam (2 mg/kg) or saline, in an injection volume of 10 ml/kg, 30 min before the behavioural tests. | All doses of Citrus sinensis oil demonstrated anxiolytic activity in at least one of the tests and, at the highest dose, it presented significant effects in both animal models, as indicated by increased exploration of the open arms of the elevated plus-maze and of the lit chamber of the light/dark. |
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| Citrus aurantium or Citrus sinensis | Wolffenbüttel et al., 2018 | Citrus aurantium or Citrus sinensis essential oil | Inhalation | Male adult albino mice | Light– dark test
Locomotor activity test
Tail‐suspension test
Melatonin (MEL) and corticosterone (CORT) assay | 10% (v/v) Citrus aurantium leaves' EO
10% (v/v) of Citrus sinensis peel EO was administered.
Tween 80 (1% v/v in distilled water) inhaled solution or intraperitoneal injection of diazepam 2.0 mg/kg, or intraperitoneal injection of 20.0 mg/kg imipramine, or intraperitoneal injection of saline solution (0.9% NaCl) was used as control. | Behavioral tests showed that
the inhalation of 10% Citrus sinensis EO presents an anxiolytic‐like and sedative effect.
Vaporization of 10% Citrus aurantium EO for 30 min by mice did not produce anxiolytic‐like or sedative effects.
Inhalation of Citrus aurantium and
Citrus sinensis EO did not affect MEL and CORT plasma levels in mice. |
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