Medicinal Plants from North and Central America and the Caribbean Considered Toxic for Humans: The Other Side of the Coin

Table 1

Ethnobotanical information of medicinal plants from Mexico and Central America considered as toxic.

Family	Scientific name	Common name in Spanish	Medicinal use	Signs of toxicity plant part	Reference
Amaranthaceae	Amaranthus spinosus L.	Quelite de Puerco	Rheumatism, diuretic, wound healing	Nephrotoxicity whole plant	[5]
	Chenopodium ambrosioides L.	Epazote	Vermifuge, vomit	Nephrotoxicity abortifacient, hepatotoxicity whole plant	[6]
Amaryllidaceae	Allium glandulosum Link & Otto	Cebolla de monte	Cough, flu, tuberculosis	Numbness, nausea, and vomiting bulb	[7]
Anacardiaceae	Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb.	Chechém negro	Antiviral, Rheumatism	Skin burns latex from leaves	[8]
	Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze	Hiedra venenosa	Headache, rheumatism	Dermatitis latex	[9]
Annonaceae	Annona cherimola Mill.	Chirimoya	Diarrhea, dysentery	Abortifacient aerial parts, fruits	[10]
Apiaceae	Conium maculatum L.	Cicuta	Body pain	Hypertension and sweating whole plant	[11]
Apocynaceae	Asclepias curassavica L.	Rompemuelas	Vermifuge, cancer, wound healing, diuretic	Nausea and vomiting, muscle paralysis whole plant	[12]
	Asclepias linaria Cav.	Algodoncillo	Cough, fever, purgative, diuretic	Muscle paralysis leaves	[13]
	Asclepias mexicana Cav.	Venenillo cimarrón	Warts	Numbness leaves	[12]
	Asclepias oenotheroides Schltdl. & Cham	Hierba lechosa	Tooth ache	Numbness, nausea, and vomiting leaves	[5]
	Asclepias subverticillata (A. Gray) Vail	Hierba lechosa	Snake bite	Severe diarrhea leaves	[5]
	Plumeria rubra L.	Zacalazúchil	Stomachache, toothache	Dermatitis latex	[14]
	Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.	Cinco negritos	Wound healing, rheumatism	Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, hypertension, depression aerial parts	[15]
	Thevetia ahouai (L.) A. DC.	Bola de venado	Toothache, headache	Cardiotoxicity fruits and seeds	[8]
	Thevetia gaumeri Hemsl.	Campanilla	Toothache, cancer	Tooth loss leaves, latex	[16]
	Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.	Troncomin	Stomachache	Cardiotoxicity leaves	[17]
	Thevetia thevetioides (Kunth) K. Schum	Yoyote	Warts, analgesic	Cardiotoxicity whole plant	[18]
Aquifoliaceae	Ilex opaca Aiton	American holly	Digestive	Cardiotoxicity and vomiting fruits	[19]
Araceae	Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq.) Schott	Kiilbal chaak	Warts	Dermatitis sap	[8]
	Anthurium pentaphyllum (Aubl.) G. Don	Hoja de reumatismo de bejuco	Rheumatism	Dermatitis aerial parts	[8]
	Anthurium schlechtendalii Kunth	Hoja de piedra	Hemorrhage postpartum	Dermatitis aerial parts	[8]
	Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent.	Heart of Jesus	Antiseptic	Dermatitis, diarrhea aerial parts	[4]
	Monstera deliciosa Liebm.	Cerimán	Flu, rheumatism	Dysphagia aerial parts	[20]
Aristolochiaceae	Aristolochia foetida Kunth	Guaco	Snake bite, headache	Hepatotoxicity whole plant	[21]
	Aristolochia grandiflora Sw.	Flor de pato	Stomachache, snake bite	Abdominal pain, gastritis roots	[15]
	Aristolochia odoratissima L.	Guaco	Diarrhea, stomachache, belly cramps	Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity roots	[22]
	Aristolochia pentandra Jacq	Camotillo guaco	Fever, diarrhea	Nephrotoxicity roots	[22]
	Aristolochia reticulata Nutt.	Texas dutchman’s pipe	Digestive	Nephrotoxicity roots	[19]
	Aristolochia serpentaria L.	Virginia snakeroot	Digestive, diuretic	Nephrotoxicity roots	[19]
Asparagaceae	Yucca filifera Chabaud	Palma	Cough	Nausea and vomiting aerial parts	[14]
Asteraceae	Acmella repens (Walter) Rich.	Yerba de San Pedro	Malaria	Hallucinations aerial parts	[23]
	Ambrosia confertiflora DC.	Amargosa	Diarrhea, vomiting	Gastritis whole plant	[13]
	Ambrosia peruviana Willd.	Altamisa	Rheumatism, pain, fever	Neurotoxicity whole plant	[24]
	Ambrosia psilostachya DC.	Estafiate	Stomachache	Nausea and vomiting whole plant	[25]
	Artemisia ludoviciana subsp. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) D.D. Keck	Estafiate	Vermifuge, fever	Numbness, carcinogenic aerial parts	[14]
	Barkleyanthus salicifolius (Kunth) H. Rob. & Brettell	Jaral Amarillo	Fever, diuretic, rheumatism	Hepatotoxicity whole plant	[14]
	Conyza filaginoides (DC.) Hieron.	Simonillo	Stomachache, diabetes, anxiolytic	Nausea and vomiting whole plant	[7]
	Eupatorium odoratum L.	Rama de la cruz	Wound healing, anti-inflammatory	Nausea and vomiting whole plant	[5]
	Flourensia cernua DC.	Hojasén	Stomachache, diarrhea	Hepatotoxicity leaves	[13]
	Gymnosperma glutinosum (Spreng.) Less.	Tatalencho	Diuretic, rheumatism, analgesic	Sleepiness, muscle paralysis seeds, leaves	[5]
	Haplopappus gymnocephalus DC.	Arnica morada	Body pain, hemorrhoids	Gastritis aerial parts	[14]
	Helenium mexicanum Kunth	Cabezona	Flu	Gastritis and vomiting flowers	[15]
	Heliopsis longipes (A. Gray) S.F. Blake	Chilcuague	Analgesic	Narcotic roots	[26]
	Montanoa tomentosa Cerv.	Zoapatle	Rheumatism, cough, menstrual colic	Abortifacient, respiratory failure aerial parts	[27]
	Packera aurea (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve	Life root	Amenorrhea, menopause and leucorrhea.	Hepatotoxicity aerial parts	[19]
	Packera candidissima (Greene) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve	Chuca	Cough	Hepatotoxicity aerial parts	[28]
	Parthenium hysterophorus L.	Escoba amarga	Stomachache, headache	Hypotensive, bradycardia whole plant	[29]
	Parthenium incanum Kunth	Mariola	Stomachache, diarrhea	Nausea and vomiting whole plant	[13]
	Psacalium decompositum (A. Gray) H. Rob. & Brettell	Matarique	Diabetes, rheumatism	Neurotoxicity roots	[30]
	Tagetes erecta L.	Flor de muerto (cempaxochitl)	Diarrhea, vermifuge, diabetes, rheumatism	Gastritis flowers	[31]
	Tagetes lucida Cav	Pericón	Stomachache, diarrhea, vomit	Abortifacient whole plant	[32]
	Zinnia peruviana (L.) L.	Mal de ojo	Stomachache, diarrhea	Eye irritant	[14]
Berberidaceae	Berberis moranensis Schult. & Schult. f.	Palo amarillo	Rheumatism	Numbness, nausea, and vomiting aerial parts	[33]
	Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.	Blue cohosh	Dysmenorrhea, rheumatism	Nausea and vomiting, gastritis seeds and roots	[11]
	Podophyllum peltatum L.	Mayapple	Genital warts	Altered mental states, tachypnea, peripheral neuropathy, nausea and vomiting, hypotension, and fever whole plant	[19]
Bignoniaceae	Crescentia alata Kunth	Cuatecomate	Cough, asthma	Vomiting, abdominal pain fruit	[21]
	Crescentia cujete L.	Güiro	Cough, tuberculosis	Abortifacient, severe diarrhea fruits	[18]
Boraginaceae	Cordia dentata Poir.	Uvita	Cough	Severe diarrhea fruits	[8]
	Heliotropium curassavicum L.	Alacrancillo	Asthma, anemia, snake bite	Hepatitis whole plant	[11]
Bromeliaceae	Bromelia pinguin L.	Piñuela	Cough	Dermatitis fruits	[34]
	Bromelia plumieri (E. Morren) L.B. Sm.	Timbiriche	Inflammation	Dermatitis fruits	[8]
Cactaceae	Cereus marginatus DC.	Oregano de zopilote	Rabies	Cardiotoxicity aerial parts	[13]
	Coryphantha pycnacantha (Mart.) Lem.	Falso peyote	Rheumatism, analgesic	Sedation in tongue; fruit	[14]
	Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J.M. Coult.	Peyote	Rheumatism, analgesic	Hallucinations whole plant	[30]
Campanulaceae	Lobelia cardinalis L.	Lobelia	Cough, flu	Hypothermia, vomiting, abdominal pain aerial parts	[4]
	Lobelia inflata L.	Lobelia	Asthma, muscle relaxant	Hypotension whole plant	[35]
Canellaceae	Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn.	Cúrbana	Rheumatism, stomachache	Edema, hemorrhage whole plant	[36]
Caprifoliaceae	Lonicera periclymenum L.	Woodbine	Diuretic, cough	Cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity fruits	[11]
	Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake	Snowberry	Tuberculosis	Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain whole plant	[11]
Celastraceae	Celastrus scandens L.	Falsa dulcamara	Diuretic, tuberculosis	Gastritis, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea fruit	[11]
	Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.	Wahoo	Purgative	Vomiting bark	[11]
Commelinaceae	Commelina elegans Kunth	Hierba del pollo	Conjunctivitis	Edema, dermatitis whole plant	[8]
	Tradescantia spathacea Sw.	Maguey morado	Cancer, wound healing, asthma, cough	Skin burns sap	[8]
Convulvulaceae	Ipomoea murucoides Roem. & Schult.	Cazahuate	Hair loss, wound healing, cough, diuretic	Gastritis bark	[37]
	Ipomoea purga (Wender.) Hayne	Raíz de Jalapa	Purgative	Vomiting and abdominal pain roots	[15]
	Ipomoea stans Cav.	Tumbavaqueros	Epileptic seizures	Neurotoxicity roots	[38]
	Ipomoea tricolor Cav.	Hiedra de flores grandes	Analgesic	Hallucinations aerial parts	[14]
	Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf.	Flor de pascua	Fever, wound healing	Hallucinations seeds	[4]
Coriariaceae	Coriaria ruscifolia L.	Huique	Pneumonia	Hallucinations aerial parts	[33]
Cucurbitaceae	Apodanthera undulata A. Gray	Gualaista	Gastritis	Vomiting and abdominal pain roots and seeds	[14]
Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea floribunda M. Martens & Galeotti	Barbasco amarillo	Rheumatism, body pain	Abortifacient roots	[8]
Equisetaceae	Equisetum hyemale L.	Carricillo	Abdominal pain, urinary tract infections	Hepatotoxicity whole plant	[39]
Ericaceae	Arbutus arizonica (A. Gray) Sarg.	Madroño	Diuretic	Nausea and vomiting fruit	[14]
	Comarostaphylis discolor (Hook.) Diggs	Madroño	Diuretic	Nausea and vomiting fruit	[33]
	Kalmia latifolia L.	Ivy brush	Syphilis	Neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity aerial parts	[11]
Euphorbiaceae	Acalypha monostachya Cav. Cav	Hierba del cancer	Cancer	Skin burns latex	[14]
	Adelia barbinervis Schltdl. & Cham.	Espino blanco	Body pain, wounds	Dermatitis aerial parts	[8]
	Cnidoscolus  chayamansa McVaugh	Chaya	Diabetes	Dermatitis aerial parts	[8]
	Cnidoscolus  souzae McVaugh	Ch’iinchay	Rheumatism	Dermatitis aerial parts	[8]
	Cnidoscolus  urens (L.) Arthur	Ortiga	Diuretic	Hypotension, skin burns, nausea and vomiting whole plant	[24]
	Croton  ciliatoglandulosus Ortega	Hierba de la cruz	Constipation	Gastritis, excessive salivation whole plant	[4]
	Croton humilis L.	ik’ja’aban	Wounds	Skin burns aerial parts	[8]
	Dalechampia scandens L.	Mo’ol koj	Headache	Edema, dermatitis aerial parts	[11]
	Euphorbia cotinifolia L.	Lechero rojo	Purgative	Skin burns seeds	[24]
	Euphorbia hirta L.	Hierba de la golondrina	Stomachache	Skin burns aerial parts	[14]
	Euphorbia maculata L.	Hierba de la golondrina	Tooth ache	Severe diarrhea, vomiting seeds	[4]
	Euphorbia prostrata Aiton	Hierba de la golondrina	Pain in the kidney, wounds, diarrhea	Gastritis, abdominal pain whole plant	[31]
	Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch	Noche buena	Wound healing	Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain whole plant	[40]
	Euphorbia tithymaloides L.	Redbird flower	Asthma, skin cancer, warts	Irritation of the mouth and throat, vomiting whole plant	[20]
	Hura crepitans L.	Catahua	Laxative	Skin burns seeds	[41]
	Hura polyandra Baill.	Haba	Stomachache, body pain,	Skin burns latex, nausea and vomiting, gastritis seeds and fruits	[15]
	Jatropha curcas L.	Piñon	Fever, warts	Dermatitis, vomiting, diarrhea seeds, leaves	[36]
	Jatropha dioica Sessé	Sangre de grado	Cancer, rheumatism, hair loss, wound healing	Dermatitis, vomiting, muscle paralysis stem, fruits	[13]
	Jatropha gossypiifolia L.	Tua tua	Cough, flu, fever	Skin burns, abortifacient seeds, leaves	[42]
	Jatropha multifida L.	Palmeado	Wound healing, to purify blood	Severe diarrhea seeds	[43]
	Manihot esculenta Crantz	Yuca	Wound healing, vermifuge	Poisoning and neurotoxicity leaves	[41]
	Tragia nepetifolia Cav.	Ortiguilla	Diuretic	Skin burns Aerial parts	[44]
	Tragia yucatanensis Millsp.	P’oop’ox	Rheumatism	Dermatitis aerial parts	[8]
Fabaceae	Abrus precatorius L	Semilla de culebra	Diabetes, asthma	Stomachache, diarrhea aerial parts	[4]
	Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC.	Yaba	Vermifuge	Vomiting, fever, hypotension, mental confusion, respiratory insufficiency bark	[36]
	Astragalus plattensis Nutt.	Garbancillo	Diuretic	Vomiting leaves	[26]
	Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.	Clavellina colorada	Fever, pain, cough	Dermatitis and neurotoxicity Aerial parts	[18]
	Calliandra grandiflora (L’Hér.) Benth.	Cabello de ángel	Fever	Dermatitis leaves	[45]
	Calliandra molinae Standl.	Palo de corcho	Hypertension	Hepatotoxicity, hypotension leaves	[46]
	Crotalaria pumila Ortega	Tronador	Cough, diabetes	Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting whole plant	[14]
	Crotalaria sagittalis L.	Cocuite	Fever, snake bite	Anoxia, gastritis, abdominal pain, blood in feces Aerial parts	[4]
	Dalea bicolor Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.	Engordacabra	Diarrhea	Vomiting aerial parts	[14]
	Diphysa robinioides Benth.	Flor de gallito	Fever, headache	Nausea and vomiting leaves	[47]
	Entada polystachya (L.) DC.	Bejuco de agua	To promote hair growth	Abdominal pain and severe diarrhea Fruits	[4]
	Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.	Cascabel sonaja	Bronchitis, sore throat	Severe diarrhea and abdominal pain Aerial parts	[4]
	Erythrina americana Mill	Colorin	Diuretic	Immobilization, hypotension, and respiratory paralysis seeds	[15]
	Erythrina standleyana Krukoff	Cancer	Cancer	Somnolence, vomit aerial parts	[8]
	Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp	Matarratón	Vermifuge	Nausea and vomiting roots, leaves, seeds	[24]
	Indigofera microcarpa Desv.	Yaga-cohui-pichacha	Purgative	Severe diarrhea leaves	[4]
	Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.	Añil	Vermifuge	Severe diarrhea leaves	[4]
	Leucaena esculenta (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Benth.	Guaje	Wound healing	Nausea and vomiting seeds	[48]
	Myroxylon pereirae (Royle) Klotzsch	Indian balsam	Burns, wounds and ulcers	Allergies, contact urticaria and dermatitis resin	[49]
	Phaseolus lunatus L.	Frijol ancho	Fever, headache	Seizures, immobilization whole plant	[4]
	Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.	Mezquite	Fever, diabetes	Nausea and vomiting seeds	[4]
	Robinia pseudoacacia L.	Black locust	Diuretic, laxative	Anorexia, hypothermia, dyspnoea bark, leaves and seeds	[4]
	Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby	Parral	Diabetes	Abortifacient fruit	[33]
	Senna occidentalis (L.) Link	Frijolillo	Fever	Gastritis, dermatitis, and conjunctivitis fruit	[4]
Garryaceae	Garrya ovata Benth.	Cuauhchichic	Diarrhea	Muscle paralysis bark	[26]
Gelsemiaceae	Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. St.-Hil.	Retama	Stomachache, asthma, headache, rheumatism	Sedative, vertigo, hypotension, blurred vision whole plant	[10]
Gesneriaceae	Moussonia deppeana (Schltdl. & Cham.) Hanst.	Cacahuapaxtle	Diuretic, gastritis	Abortifacient aerial parts	[50]
Lamiaceae	Hedeoma drummondii Benth.	Drummond’s false pennyroyal	Muscle relaxing	Abortifacient whole plant	[26]
	Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.	American pennyroyal	Antispasmodic, pneumonia	Abortifacient, kidney toxicity aerial parts	[19]
	Salvia leucantha Cav	Lana	Cough, stomachache	Abortifacient aerial parts	[27]
	Satureja brownei (Sw.) Briq.	Poleo	Colic, cough	Nausea and vomiting, dermatitis, bleeding whole plant	[24]
	Scutellaria lateriflora L.	Scullcap	Nervousness, headache, fever, anxiety	Giddiness, stupor, confusion, twitching of the limbs, intermission of the pulse whole plant	[19]
Loasaceae	Mentzelia hispida Willd.	Pegajilla	Rheumatism, anemia	Vomiting resin	[14]
Loranthaceae	Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don	Muerdago o injerto	Hypertension, seizures, rheumatism, wound healing	Nausea and vomiting whole plant	[26]
Lythraceae	Cuphea aequipetala Cav.	Hierba del cáncer	Cancer, wound healing	Numbness, nausea and vomiting aerial parts	[10]
Magnoliaceae	Magnolia grandiflora L.	Magnolia	Nervousness, menstrual colics	Dermatitis leaves	[51]
Malpighiaceae	Malpighia glabra L.	Acerola	Dysentery, fever	Dermatitis fruits	[19]
Malvaceae	Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.	Ceiba	Diuretic, cough, fever	Dermatitis seeds	[24]
	Tilia mexicana Schltdl.	Tilia	Nervousness, menstrual pain	Hepatotoxicity flower	[39]
Marantaceae	Thalia geniculata L.	Kento	Anaemia, hemorrhoids	Edema, gastritis aerial parts	[8]
Martyniaceae	Martynia annua L.	Uña de gato	Snake bite	Nausea and vomiting seeds	[18]
Melanthiaceae	Veratrum californicum Durand	California corn lily	Cancer	Neurotoxicity whole plant	[11]
	Trillium erectum L.	Bethroot	To prevent obstetric hemorrhage	Skin burns leaves	[19]
Menispermaceae	Menispermum canadense L.	Canada moonseed	Warts	Cardiotoxicity fruits	[11]
Myrtaceae	Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.	Pimiento	Rheumatism, stomachache	Neurotoxicity whole plant	[19]
Nartheciaceae	Aletris farinosa L.	Unicorn root	Laxative, diarrhea, rheumatism	Narcotic whole plant	[19]
Nyctaginacea	Mirabilis jalapa L	Maravilla	Rheumatism, stomachache, fever	Severe diarrhea roots and seeds	[4]
Oxalidaceae	Oxalis alpina (Rose) Rose ex R. Knuth	Acedera	Gastritis	Poisoning whole plant	[7]
Papaveraceae	Argemone mexicana L.	Cardo santo	Wound healing, fever, diuretic, analgesic	Dermatitis, abortifacient immobilizing, neurotoxicity whole plant	[35]
	Sanguinaria canadensis L.	Bloodroot	Skin cancer, polyps and warts	Narcotic root	[19]
Passifloraceae	Passiflora caerulea L.	Pasionaria azul	Epilepsy, anxiolytic	Nausea and vomiting, dizziness flower	[24]
	Passiflora edulis Sims	Maracuya	Relaxing	Hallucinations, dizziness, confusion, ataxia, nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, and tachycardia; flower	[39, 41]
	Passiflora quadrangularis L.	Badea	Vermifuge, obesity	Nausea and vomiting, dizziness leaves and seeds	[24]
Petiveriaceae	Rivina humilis L.	Coralillo	Varicose veins, snake bite, wound healing, stomachache	Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain whole plant	[11]
Phytolaccaceae	Phytolacca americana L.	Hierba carmine	Warts	Blurred vision, vomit, vertigo whole plant	[52]
	Phytolacca icosandra L.	Mazorquilla	Cancer, vermifuge, rheumatism	Blurred vision, vomiting, roots	[14]
	Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & C.D. Bouché	Mazorquilla	Headache, wound healing, vermifuge	Blurred vision, vomit, vertigo whole plant	[30]
Plantaginaceae	Scoparia dulcis L.	Culantrillo	Diarrhea, stomachache, asthma, nervousness	Hepatotoxicity whole plant	[39]
Plumbaginaceae	Plumbago pulchella Boiss.	Jiricua	Diabetes, wound healing	Skin burns, vomiting whole plant	[14]
Polygalaceae	Monnina schlechtendaliana D. Dietr.	Aguacatillo	Dehydration	Nausea and vomiting fruit	[33]
	Polygala senega L.	rattlesnake root	Cough, diuretic	Gastritis roots	[19]
	Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.	Canaigre	Wound healing	Vomiting, abdominal pain Aerial parts	[19]
Ranunculaceae	Actaea alba (L.) Mill.	White cohosh	Arthritis, rheumatism, dysmenorrhea	Headache, vomiting, delirium, circulatory failure whole plant	[19]
	Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd.	Baneberry	Dysmenorrhea	Vomiting, abdominal pain, salivation fruits and roots	[11]
	Anemone canadensis L.	Meadow anemone	Body pain and wound healing	Salivation, abdominal pain, and salivation whole plant	[11]
	Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.	Baneberry	To manage some symptoms of menopause	Vomiting, abdominal pain fruit	[19]
	Clematis dioica L.	Barba de chivo	Rheumatism, cough, diuretic	Skin burns leaves	[10]
	Clematis virginiana L.	Old man’s beard	For skin disorders (sores, cuts), itching and venereal eruptions	Dizziness, confusion, profuse salivation leaves	[19]
	Hydrastis canadensis L.	Sello dorado	Laxative	Gastritis, abortifacient rhizome	[35]
	Ranunculus geoides Humb. Bonpl. & Kunth ex DC	Pata de león	Cough	Skin burns seeds and fruits	[30]
	Thalictrum strigillosum Hemsl.	Hierba del zorro	Cough	Nausea and vomiting whole plant	[7]
Rhamnaceae	Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc.	Tullidora	Wound healing	Immobilization, abortifacient fruit	[53]
	Karwinskia mollis Schltdl.	Capulín	Wound healing	Immobilization fruit	[54]
	Rhamnus kcalifornica Eschsch	California buckthorn	Laxative	Gastritis fruit and bark	[11]
Rosaceae	Prunus serotina Ehrh.	Capulín blanco	Cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain	Spasm, nausea and vomiting leaves and seeds	[7]
Rubarwiaceae	Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson	Ipecac	Dysentery	Rhinitis or asthma whole plant	[19]
	Cephalanthus occidentalis L.	Guayabillo	Fever	Vomiting, seizures, anemia bark	[4]
	Cinchona pubescens Vahl	Quino	Malaria, varicose veins, internal hemorrhoids	Hypoglycemia, hematologic disorders, urticaria, contact dermatitis, and other hypersensitivity reactions.	[19]
Rutaceae	Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex.	Matasanos	Hypertension, diabetes, rheumatism	Hepatotoxicity, peptic ulcer, hypotensive leaves	[46]
	Ruta chalepensis L.	Ruda	Analgesic	Dermatitis, abortifacient aerial parts	[18]
	Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg.	Colima	Nervousness	Narcotic leaves	[26]
Santalaceae	Phoradendron bolleanum (Seem.) Eichler	Muerdago	Diuretic	Nausea and vomiting leaves and seeds	[55]
	Phoradendron quadrangulare (Kunth) Griseb.	Muerdago	Cancer	Nausea and vomiting, dehydration aerial parts	[11]
	Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M.C. Johnst.	Muerdago	Cancer, diabetes	Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, dehydration aerial parts	[11]
Sapindaceae	Sapindus saponaria L.	Jaboncillo	Diuretic	Skin burns seeds	[24]
Sapotaceae	Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn	Zapote	To eliminate louse	Nausea and vomiting, dizziness seeds	[35]
Scrophulariaceae	Buddleja marrubiifolia Benth.	Azafran de campo	Diuretic	Neurotoxicity seeds	[26]
Simaroubaceae	Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch.	Palo Amarillo	Stomachache, diabetes	Hypotension bark	[35]
	Castela tortuosa Liebm.	Chaparro amargo	Fever, amebas	Hepatotoxicity stem	[37]
Smilacaceae	Smilax aristolochiifolia Mill.	Zarzaparilla	Syphilis, psoriasis	Gastritis whole plant	[19]
Solanaceae	Capsicum annuum L.	Chile	Analgesic	Dermatitis by rubbing or gastritis, hemorrhoids, and colitis by oral administration seeds, fruits	[35]
	Cestrum fasciculatum (Schltdl.) Miers	Hierba del perro	Vomiting	Nausea and vomiting, dizziness aerial parts	[10]
	Cestrum nocturnum L.	Dama de noche	Headache, stomachache	tachycardia, dyspnea, fever, hallucinations leaves	[4]
	Datura inoxia Miller.	Toloache	Diabetes, asthma, wound healing	Narcotic, anorexic, cardiotoxicity, blurred vision seeds	[15]
	Solanum americanum Mill	Quelite mora	Headache, wound healing	Dermatitis, vomiting, severe diarrhea, paralysis fruits	[29]
	Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.	Trompillo	Rattlesnake bite	Dermatitis whole plant	[13]
	Solanum mammosum L.	Chichigua	Diuretic, cough	Narcotic, cardiotoxicity fruits	[35]
	Solanum nigrescens M. Martens & Galeotti	Hierba mora	Fever, rheumatism	Immobilization leaves and seeds	[7]
	Solanum rostratum Dunal	Duraznillo	Diuretic, stomachache, diarrhea	Dermatitis aerial parts	[13]
	Witheringia solanacea L’Hér.	Merengena	To purify blood	Nausea and vomiting leaves and seeds	[47]
Urticaceae	Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd.	Ortiga brava	Diuretic, rheumatism, body pain	Dermatitis, edema aerial parts	[11]
	Urtica mexicana Liebm.	Ortiga	Diabetes, rheumatism	Skin burns aerial parts	[10]
Verbenaceae	Duranta repens L.	Mohuite de huerto	To purify blood, fever	Nausea and vomiting, seizures flowers	[4]
	Lantana camara L.	Hierba de San Pedro	Stomachache, diarrhea, rheumatism	Hepatotoxicity, nausea, and vomiting aerial parts	[52]
	Lippia dulcis Trevir.	Hierbabuena dulce	Cough, diarrhea, stomachache	Vertigo, hypotension aerial parts	[18]
Zygophyllaceae	Larrea divaricata Cav.	Chaparral	Rheumatism, tuberculosis, snake bite	Hepatotoxicity aerial parts	[56]
	Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville	Gobernadora	Diabetes, diuretic	Hepatotoxicity, nausea and vomiting, abortifacient, gastritis aerial parts	[37]

indicates plant with toxicological information obtained from preclinical or clinical studies.