Brazilian Amazon Traditional Medicine and the Treatment of Difficult to Heal Leishmaniasis Wounds with Copaifera

Table 3

Antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of Copaifera and terpenes present in this genre.

Species	Promastigote (IC50-g/mL)	Amastigote (IC50-g/mL)	Cytotoxicity (IC50-g/mL)/IS	Chemical composition	Reference
Copaifera reticulate	7.88	0.52	ND		Rondon et al., 2012 [15]
Copaifera reticulate (Pará)	5.0 ± 0.8	20.0	40.0/8.0 e 2.0	Copalic (2.4%); kaurenoic (3.9%) acid	Santos et al., 2008 [10]
Copaifera reticulata (Acre)	22.0 ± 0.0	ND	ND	Copalic (7.7%), kaurenoic (7.5%), hardwickiic (6.9%) acid	Santos et al., 2008 [10]
Copaifera martii	14.0 ± 0.9	ND	ND	Kaurenoic (7.9%); kovalenic (29.0%) acid	Santos et al., 2008 [10]
Copaifera cearensis	18.0 ± 0.0	ND	ND	Hardwickiic (6.2%); copalic (2.1%) acid	Santos et al. 2008 [10]
Copaifera paupera	11.0 ± 0.4	ND	ND	Copalic (6.1%); kaurenoic (13.3%)	Santos et al., 2008 [10]
Copaifera langsdorffii	20.0 ± 0.8	ND	ND	Copalic (5.6%); kaurenoic (44.3%); hardwickiic (8.2%) acid	Santos et al., 2008 [10]
Copaifera officinalis	20.0 ± 0.4	ND	ND	Copalic (13.9%); hardwickiic (30.7%) acid	Santos et al., 2008 [10]
Copaifera multijuga	10.0 ± 0.8	ND	ND	Copalic (6.2%)	Santos et al., 2008 [10]
Copaifera lucens	20.0 ± 0.9	ND	ND	Copalic (11.1%); polyalthic (69.8%) acid	Santos et al., 2008[10]
Copaifera paupera (Herzog) Dwyer	>100	>100			Estevez et al., 2007 [16]
Kaurenoic acid	28.0 ± 0.7	3.5 ± 0.5	140.0 ± 17.0/40.0	—	dos Santos et al., 2013 [17]
Hydroxycopalic acid	2.5 ± 0.4	18.0 ± 1.5	40.0 ± 2.4/2.2	—	dos Santos et al., 2013 [17]
Polyalthic acid	35.0 ± 2.0	15.0 ± 1.0	>500/>33.3	—	dos Santos et al., 2013 [17]
Pinifolic acid	70.0 ± 8.0	4.0 ± 0.4	>500/>125.0	—	dos Santos et al., 2013 [17]
Caryophyllene oxide		2.9	85.0	—	Soares et al., 2013 [59]
Sesquiterpenes		2.3	92.4	—	Soares et al., 2013 [59]
Amphotericin B	0.06 ± 0.0	0.23 ± 0.0	ND	ND	dos Santos et al., 2013 [17]