Herbal Remedies for Coccidiosis Control: A Review of Plants, Compounds, and Anticoccidial Actions

Table 2

Phytochemicals interfering with the life cycle of Eimeria species.

S. number	Compound	Structure and formula	Plant	Mechanism	Eimeria species	Reference
1	Artemisinin		A. annua	Inhibition of oocyst wall formation and sporulation via oxidative stress	Et, Ea, and Ema	[20–23, 58]
2	Tannin		P. radiata	Inhibition of sporulation	Et, Ea, and Ema	[25]
3	Allicin		A. sativum	Inhibition of sporozoites	Et	[26, 28]
4	Polyacetylene		B. pilosa	Inhibition of sporozoites; immune modulation	Et	[8, 9]
5	Berberine		A. lyceum	Inhibition of sporozoites by oxidative stress	Et	[59]
6	N-3 fatty acids		L. usitatissimum	Oxidative stress	Et	[21]
7	Flavonoid		A. conyzoides	Oxidative stress	Et	[31]
8	Vernoside		V. amygdalina	Oxidative stress	Et	[32]
9	Papain		C. papaya	Digestion of sporozoites in caeca	Et	[32]
10	Betaine		O. vulgare	Stabilizing intestinal structure and function	Et, Ea, and Ema	[25, 36]
11	Essential oil (carvacrol, thymol, and terpinene-)		O. compactum	Destruction of sporozoites	Eimeria species	[12, 60]
12	Essential oil (β-thujone, 1,8-cineol, and p-cymene)		A. absinthium	Prevention of oocyst development	Eimeria species	[61, 62]
13	Essential oil (cineol, -pinene, and bornyl acetate)		R. officinalis	Antioxidant and destruction of oocysts	Eimeria oocysts	[61, 63, 64]
14	Saponin		M. cordifolia, M. citrifolia, M. arboreus, and C. tetragonoloba	Destruction of oocysts and parasites	Et	[35]
15	Essential oil (eugenol and eugenyl acetate)		S. aromaticum	Destruction of oocysts	Et	[51, 61]
16	Essential oil (terpinen-4-ol and terpinene-)		M. alternifolia	Destruction of oocysts	Eimeria oocysts	[61, 65]
17	Essential oil (limonene and linalool)		C. sinensis	Destruction of oocysts	Eimeria oocysts	[61, 66]
18	Essential oil (thymol and p-cymene)		T. vulgaris	Destruction of oocysts	Eimeria oocysts	[12, 61]
19	Curcumin (diferuloylmethane)		C. longa	Inhibition of sporozoites; immune modulation	Et and Ema	[21, 67]
20	Maslinic acid		O. europaea	?	Et	[37]
21	Proanthocyanidin		Grape seed	Antioxidant	Et	[38]
22	Selenium	?	C. sinensis	Inhibition of sporulation	Et, Ea, and Ema	[30]
23	Febrifugine		D. febrifuga	Inhibition of multiplication	Et	[10, 39, 68]

Et: E. tenella; Ea: E. acervulina; Ema: E. maxima; Eb: E. brunetti; En: E. necatrix; Emi: E. mivati; ?: unknown.