Effects of Tai Chi and Walking Exercises on Weight Loss, Metabolic Syndrome Parameters, and Bone Mineral Density: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 2
Changes of weight, body mass, bone mineral density, and metabolic syndrome parameters from baseline to 12 weeks in each group.
Measurea
Tai Chi group ()
Walking group ()
Control group ()
valueb
Weight (kg)
Baseline
61.1 (11.2)
61.1 (11.0)
59.9 (11.0)
0.661
12-week
60.6 (11.0)
60.3 (10.8)
60.0 (11.0)
0.933
Mean change from baseline
−0.50 (−0.80 to −0.21)
−0.76 (−0.97 to −0.55)
0.1 (−0.12 to 0.31)
<0.001
Total body fat mass (kg)
Baseline
18.6 (49.8)
18.8 (52.8)
18.1 (60.9)
0.580
12-week
18.1 (51.9)
18.2 (49.7)
18.2 (60.7)
0.980
Mean change from baseline
−0.47 (−0.79 to −0.15)
−0.59 (−0.92 to −0.26)
0.09 (−0.07 to 0.26)
0.002
Total body lean mass (kg)
Baseline
39.4 (90.9)
39.5 (92.1)
39.2 (85.3)
0.968
12-week
39.4 (92.4)
39.3 (92.5)
39.1 (86.1)
0.987
Mean change from baseline
−0.03 (−1.01 to 0.96)
−0.11 (−0.64 to 0.42)
−0.10 (−0.24 to 0.04)
0.714
Waist circumference (cm)
Baseline
80.9 (8.8)
81.1 (9.4)
76.1 (9.8)
<0.001
12-week
77.7 (9.1)
77.4 (9.6)
76.5 (9.8)
0.585
Mean change from baseline
−3.3 (−3.9 to −2.6)
−3.3 (−4.5 to −2.9)
0.4 (−0.0 to 0.8)
<0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
Baseline
114.8 (15.4)
112.9 (16.0)
113.3 (14.3)
0.561
12-week
112.3 (14.6)
110.4 (14.3)
112.0 (13.9)
0.560
Mean change from baseline
−2.6 (−4.3 to −0.8)
−2.4 (−4.2 to −0.7)
−1.4 (−3.0 to 0.2)
0.509
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
Baseline
74.4 (11.7)
74.9 (13.2)
75.3 (11.0)
0.929
12-week
72.9 (11.5)
71.7 (12.9)
72.3 (11.9)
0.704
Mean change from baseline
−1.8 (−3.2 to −0.3)
−3.2 (−4.7 to −1.7)
−2.9 (−4.4 to −1.5)
0.397
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)
Baseline
4.8 (0.5)
4.8 (0.4)
4.5 (0.4)
<0.001
12-week
4.6 (0.5)
4.6 (0.5)
4.5 (0.5)
0.355
Mean change from baseline
−0.17 (−0.22 to −0.11)
−0.21 (−0.28 to −0.14)
0.01 (−0.06 to 0.09)
<0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
Baseline
5.1 (0.9)
5.1 (0.9)
5.0 (0.9)
0.363
12-week
5.1 (1.0)
4.9 (0.9)
4.8 (0.8)
0.064
Mean change from baseline
−0.07 (−0.16 to 0.03)
−0.13 (−0.23 to −0.03)
−0.18 (−0.27 to −0.09)
0.235
HDL-C (mmol/L)
Baseline
1.5 (0.4)
1.7 (0.5)
1.5 (0.4)
0.035
12-week
1.5 (0.4)
1.6 (0.5)
1.4 (0.4)
0.033
Mean change from baseline
−0.03 (−0.08 to 0.03)
−0.09 (−0.14 to −0.05)
−0.10 (−0.15 to −0.06)
0.087
LDL-C (mmol/L)
Baseline
3.0 (0.8)
2.9 (0.8)
2.9 (0.8)
0.645
12-week
3.0 (0.9)
2.9 (0.8)
2.9 (0.7)
0.528
Mean change from baseline
−0.01 (−0.11 to 0.09)
−0.03 (−0.11 to 0.06)
−0.03 (−0.12 to 0.06)
0.932
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
Baseline
1.4 (1.0)
1.2 (0.7)
1.3 (1.0)
0.121
12-week
1.4 (0.9)
1.1 (0.6)
1.2 (0.9)
0.017
Mean change from baseline
0.01 (−0.08 to 0.09)
−0.05 (−0.13 to 0.03)
−0.10 (−0.20 to 0.00)
0.204
Bone mineral density (mg/cm2)
Baseline
1037.3 (79.6)
1039.3 (85.0)
1034.1 (82.3)
0.887
12-week
1036.9 (79.1)
1037.6 (85.0)
1033.8 (83.5)
0.930
Mean change from baseline
−0.39 (−6.57 to 5.80)
−1.65 (−5.16 to 1.85)
−0.33 (−2.43 to 1.78)
0.480
HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. aValues were presented as mean (SD) for 12-week measurement and mean (95% CI) for mean change from baseline; mean change from baseline = 12-week evaluation − baseline evaluation. bOne-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean difference at baseline and at 12 weeks between groups; univariate ANCOVA was used to compare the mean change difference between groups; variables with significant different between groups at baseline were adjusted as covariates. Post hoc comparison was used; differences are significant () between intervention and control group. Post hoc comparison was used; differences are significant () between intervention and control group.
