Review Article

Evaluation of Chemical Constituents and Important Mechanism of Pharmacological Biology in Dendrobium Plants

Table 1

The compounds of various Dendrobium species.

SpeciesConstituentChemical formulaStructures of compoundReference

D. amoenum
Bibenzyls derivatives
Amoenylin R1 = R3 = Me, R2 = OH, R4 = H, R5 = OMe [19]
IsoamoenylinR1 = R3 = Me, R2 = OMe, R4 = OH, R5 = H
Moscatilin (analogues)
3,4′-Dihydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl
R1 = R2 = R4 = H, R3 = Me, R5 = OH
R1 = R3 = Me, R2 = OH, R4 = H, R5 = OMe
R1 = R3 = Me, R2 = OAc, R4 = H, R5 = OMe
R1 = R3 = Me, R2 = OMe, R4 = OAc, R5 = H
R1 = Ac, R2 = R4 = H, R3 = Me, R5 = OAc
R1 = R3 = Me, R2 = R5 = OH, R4 = OMe
R1 = R3 = Me, R2 = R4 = OMe, R5 = OH
R1 = R3 = Me, R2 = R5 = OMe, R4 = OAc
R1 = R2 = R5 = H, R3 = Me, R4 = OH
R1 = Ac, R2 = R5 = H, R3 = Me, R4 = OAc
R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = H, R5 = OH

D. candidum
Bibenzyls derivatives
Dendrocandin C
((S)-3,4,4-trihydroxy-5,α-dimethoxybibenzyl)
Dendrocandin D
((S)-3,4,4-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-α-ethoxybibenzyl)
Dendrocandin E
(3,3,4,4-tetrahydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl)
R1 = R2 = R5 = OH, R3 = R6 = OCH3,
R4 = H
R1 = R2 = R5 = OH, R3 = OCH3, R6 = OCH2,
CH3, R4 = H
R1 = R2 = R4 = R5 = OH, R3 = OCH3,
R6 = H
[20]
Amotin (type 1, sesquiterpenoids)[19]
Amoenin (type 2 sesquiterpenoids)[19]
Flaccidin (9,10-dihydrophenanthropyran)[19]
Bibenzyls derivatives
4,4-Dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybibenzyl
3,4-Dihydroxy-5,4 dimethoxybibenzyl
3-O-Methylgigantol
Dendrophenol
Gigantol
New compounds  
Dendrocandin A
((R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5,4,α-trimethoxybibenzyl)
R2 = R5 = OH, R1 = R3 = OCH3, R4 = R6 = OH
R1 = R2 = OH, R3 = R5 = OCH3, R4 = R6 = OH
R1 = OH, R3 = R4 = R5 = OCH3, R2 = R6 = H
R2 = R4 = R5 = OH, R1 = R3 = OCH3, R6 = H
R1 = R5 = OH, R3 = R4 = OCH3, R2 = R6 = H

R1 = R2 = OH, R3 = R5 = R6 = OCH3,
R4 = H
[21]
Dendrocandin B
(4-[2-[(2S,3S)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-8-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl]ethyl]-1-methoxyl benzene)
[21]

D. aphyllum
Aromatic compounds
Flavanthrin[22]
Coelonin
Iusianthridin
R1 = OH, R2 = OMe
R1 = OMe, R2 = OH
[22]
Moscatin[22]
Gigantol
Batatasin III
R1 = R3 = OMe, R2 = OH
R1 = OH, R2 = H, R3 = OMe
[22]
Dibutyl phthalate
Diisobutyl phthalate
R = CH2CH2CH2CH3
R = CH2CH(CH3)2
[22]
P-hydroxyphenylpropionic methyl ester[22]

D. cariniferum
Phenanthrenequinone
Dendronone (5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-9,10-dihydro-1,4-phenanthrenequinone)[23]

D. chrysotoxum
Aromatic organic compounds
(Fluorenones)
Dendroflorin
Denchrysan A
R1 = H, R2 = OH
R1 = OH, R2 = H
[24]
1,4,5-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-9H-fluoren-9-one[24]
(Fluorenol)
(9R)-4methoxy-9H-fluorene-2,5,9-triolR = H[25]
Phenanthrene
2,7-dihydroxy-8methoxyphenanthro[4,5-bcd]pyran-5(5H)-one[25]

D. densiflorum
Bibenzyl
Densiflorol A[26]
Phenanthrenedione
Densiflorol BR = H[26]
DendroflorinR = OH[26]
Known as oleanolic acid and b-sitosterol compounds
(A) DengibsinR = H[26]
(B) CypripedinR = OMe[26]
(C) Gigantol
(D) Moscatilin
(E) Tristin
R = OH, R = H, R = OMe
R = R = OMe, R = OH
R = R = OH, R = H
[26]
(F) Naringenin
(G) Homoeriodictyol
R = H
R = OMe
[26]
(H) Moscatin[26]
(I) 2,6-dihydroxy-1,5,7-trimethoxyphenanthrene[26]
(J) 4,7-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene[26]
(K) Scoparone
(L) Scopoletin
(M) Ayapin
R = R = OMe
R = OMe, R = OH
R + R = OCH2O
[26]

D. longicornu
Monoaromatic
compounds
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Dibutyl phthalate
CH2CH(C2H5)(CH2)3CH3
(CH2)3CH3
[27]
Ethyl haematommateC11H12O5[27]
Methyl B-orcinol carboxylateC10H12O4[27]
N-Docosyl trans-ferulate
Ferulaldehyde
R = COOCH2(CH2)20CH3
R = CHO
[27]

D. nobile
Sesquiterpenes
(Dendronobilins A)
Copacamphane-type(1R,2R,4S,5S,6S,8S,9R)-2,8-Dihydroxycopacamphan-15-one[28]
Picrotoxane-type(2b,3b,4b,5b)-2,4,11-Trihydroxy-picrotoxano-3(15)-lactone[28]
Picrotoxane-type(2b,3b,5b,9a,11b)-2,11-Epoxy-9,11,13-trihydroxypicrotoxano3(15)-lactone[28]
Picrotoxane-type(2b,3b,5b,12R*)-2,11,13-Trihydroxy-picrotoxano-3(15)-lactone[28]
Picrotoxane-type(2b,3b,5b,12S*)2,11,13-Trihydroxy-picrotoxano-3(15)-lactone[28]
Picrotoxane-type(2b,3b,5b,9a)-,10-Cyclo-2,11,13-trihydroxy-picrotoxano-3(15)-lactone[28]
Muurolene-type(9b,10a)-Muurol-4-ene-9,10,11-triol[28]
Alloaromadendrene-type(10a)-Alloaromadendrene-10,12,14-triol[28]
Cyclocopacamphane-type(5b)-Cyclocopacamphane-5,12,15-triol[28]
Bibenzyl derivatives
Dendronophenol A2,2′,9,9′-Tetramethoxy13′,14′-peroxy-1,1′-bis(bibenzyl)-6,6′-diol)[29]
Dendronophenol B1-(2′,6′-Dimethoxy7′,8′-peroxyphenyl-propyl)-2,9-dimethoxybibenzyl-6,9′-diol)[29]

D. thyrsiflorum
Bi-bicyclic and bi-tricyclic compounds
Denthyrsin[3-(5′,6′-Dimethoxybenzofuran-2′-yl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2H-chromen-2-one[30]
Denthyrsinol(4,5′-Dimethoxy-[1,1′]biphenanthrenyl-2,5,4′,7-tetraol[30]
Denthyrsinone(7,4′,7′-Trihydroxy-2,2′,8′-trimethoxy-[5,1′]biphenanthrenyl-1,4-dione)[30]
Denthyrsinin1,5,7-Trimethoxyphenanthrene-2,6-diol[30]
Scoparone[30]
b-Sitosterol[30]
Daucosterol[30]