Effect of Astaxanthin Supplementation on Salivary IgA, Oxidative
Stress, and Inflammation in Young Soccer Players
Table 4
Biochemical profile of the soccer players at baseline and after 90 days of supplementation.
Astaxanthin
Placebo
ANOVA
Before supplementation
After supplementation
Before supplementation
After supplementation
T
S
T × S
AST (U/L)
37.5 (29.2–48.1)
23.8 (20.1–28.1)
41.0 (35.7–47.0)
28.7 (24.5–33.6)
0.001
<0.05
ns
ALT (U/L)
21.1 (16.8–25.6)
18.9 (15.6–21.6)
20.7 (18.6–22.5)
19.2 (16.1–22.6)
ns
ns
ns
CK (U/L)
448 (330–608)
248 (172–360)
525 (283–974)
367 (244–552)
<0.01
ns
ns
LDH (U/L)
418.3 ± 13.8
303.5 ± 10.3
441.2 ± 17.5
359.4 ± 15.8
<0.001
<0.05
ns
UA (μmol/L)
330.3 ± 19.1
300.4 ± 14.0
346.5 ± 20.9
315.9 ± 15.5
<0.05
ns
ns
Cre (μmol/L)
129.6 ± 2.1
126.5 ± 2.2
133.1 ± 2.3
130.5 ± 2.4
<0.05
ns
ns
hs-CRP (mg/L)
1.35 (1.00–1.82)
1.19 (0.89–1.59)
1.26 (0.89–1.78)
1.98 (1.24–3.17)
ns
ns
0.05
CHOL (mmol/L)
4.28 ± 0.20
4.39 ± 0.24
4.54 ± 0.28
4.50 ± 0.27
ns
ns
ns
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.27 ± 0.19
1.30 ± 0.05
1.29 ± 0.07
1.31 ± 0.06
ns
ns
ns
LDL-C (mmol/L)
2.63 ± 0.19
2.73 ± 0.20
2.97 ± 0.24
2.91 ± 0.25
ns
ns
ns
TG (mmol/L)
0.84 ± 0.12
0.80 ± 0.08
0.95 ± 0.14
0.70 ± 0.09
ns
ns
ns
Mean ± SE.; Geometric mean values (95th confidence interval). ANOVA: T-training, S-supplementation, and T × S-training and supplementation interaction effect. The difference in relation to baseline was significant at (), (), and ().