| Latin name | Family | Extracts or monomers | In vivo/ in vitro | Models | Effective doses/doses range | Mechanisms | Toxic effect | References |
| Paeonia x suffruticosa Andrews | Paeoniaceae | Paeonol | In vivo | Newborn Wistar rats | 200, 400 mg/Kg |
PRGU, INGA |
ND |
[53] | In vitro | Intestinal brush border membrane vesicles, rat hepatoma cell line H4IIE, human skin fibroblasts cell line Hs68, mouse adipocytes 3T3-L1 | 0.01–1 mg/mL, | Polysaccharide-2b | In vivo | Wistar rats | 60 mg/Kg | IIAI | ND | [54] | Paeonoside, apiopaeonoside, 6-methoxypaeoniflori-genone | In vitro | Human HepG2 cells, HUVECs | 1–20 µmol | IHSG | NO | [55] |
| Morus alba L. | Moraceae | 1-Deoxynojirimycin, polysaccharide | In vivo | ICR mice | 150 mg/Kg | IHSG, PIPR | ND | [56] |
| Momordica charantia L. | Cucurbitaceae | Saponin fraction, lipid fraction | In vivo | Db/db mice | 150 mg/Kg | IIAI | ND | [57] | Protein extract | In vivo | Wistar rats | 5, 10 mg/Kg | PIEI, PRGU | ND |
[58] | In vitro | 3T3-L1 adipocytes, C2C12 cells | 0.01 µg/mL | Saponins, momordicine II, kuguaglycoside | In vitro | MIN6 β cells | 0.01–0.125 µg/mL | PIEI | NO | [59] | Ethanolic extract | In vivo | Albino Wistar rats | 150, 300 mg/Kg | PIPR, IHSG, PRGU | ND | [60] | Aqueous extract | In vivo | Albino Wistar rats | 150 mg/Kg | COSR | ND | [61] |
| Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi | Leguminosae | Puerarin | In vivo | SD rats | 100, 200 mg/Kg | IIAI | ND | [62] | Daidzein | In vivo | Kun Ming mice | 2.3 g/Kg | INGA, RAAR | ND | [39] | Puerarin | In vitro | Wistar rats islets | 100 µmol | PIPR, COSR | ND | [63] |
| Trigonella foenum-graecum L. | Leguminosae | Hydroalcoholic extract | In vivo | C57BL/6J mice | 2 g/Kg | IIAI | ND | [64] | Trigonelline | In vivo | Wistar rats | 40 mg/Kg | COSR | ND | [65] | Fenugreek seeds powder | In vivo | Albino rats | Powder 5% in rat food | BLIR | ND | [66] |
| Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis | Rubiaceae | Geniposide | In vivo | C57BL/6J mice | 200, 400 mg/Kg | IHSG | ND | [67] |
| Rheum palmatum L. | | Emodin | In vivo | B6. V- Lepob/Lepob mice | 25, 50 mg/Kg | PRGU | ND |
[68] | In vitro | 3T3-L1 adipocytes | 3 µmol/L |
| Acorus calamus L. | Araceae | Crude ethanol extract | In vivo | Homozygous C57BL/Ks db/db mice | 100 mg/Kg | IIAI | ND |
[69] | In vitro | L6 rat skeletal muscle cells | 12.5, 25 µg/mL | Ethyl acetate fraction | In vivo | ICR mice | 400, 800 mg/Kg | PIEI, INGA | ND |
[70] | In vitro | HIT-T15 cell line | 0.41 µg/mL |
| Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. | Rosaceae | Cinchonain-Ib | In vivo | Wister rats | 108 mg/Kg | PIEI | ND |
[71] | In vitro | Rat insulinoma cell line, INS-1 cells | 0.032 mg/mL |
| Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge | Liliaceae | Timosaponin, anemaran | In vivo | Kun Ming mice | 1.8 g/Kg | INGA | ND | [39] | Total saponins | In vivo | SD rats | 200 mg/Kg | BLIR | ND | [72] |
| Lonicera japonica Thunb. | Caprifoliaceae | Chlorogenic acid, ginnol | In vivo | Kun Ming mice | 2.3 g/Kg | RAAR | ND | [39] |
| Coptis chinensis Franch. | Ranunculaceae | Berberine chloride form | In vivo | Wistar rats, | 125, 500, 250 mg/Kg, | INGA | ND |
[73] | Beagle dogs | 80 mg/Kg | In vitro | Caco-2 cells |
2.5, 10, 40 mg/L | Berberine | In vitro | SD rats ventricular myocytes | 0.1–100 µmol/L | COSR | ND | [74] | Berberine | In vivo | Wistar rats | 100, 200 mg/Kg | PIPR, COSR | ND | [75] | Berberine | In vivo | C57BLKS/J-Leprdb/Leprdb mice, | 5 mg/Kg | IIAI | ND |
[76] | Wistar rats | 380 mg/Kg | In vitro | 3T3-L1 cells, L6 cells | 5 µg/mL |
| Potentilla discolor Bunge | Rosaceae | Flavonoids, triterpenoids | In vivo | Wistar rats | 369, 501 mg/Kg | PIPR, COSR | ND | [77] |
| Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. | Compositae | Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum | In vivo | SD rats | 0.3%, 0.9%, 2.7% gum | IIAI, IHSG | ND | [78] |
| Sophora flavescens Aiton | Leguminosae | Oxymatrine | In vivo | Wistar rats | 60, 120 mg/Kg | COSR, BLIR | ND | [79] |
| Punica granatum L. | Punicaceae | Methanolic extract | In vivo | Zucker diabetic fatty rats, Zucker lean rats | 100–500 mg/Kg | INGA | ND |
[80] | In vitro | α-glucosidase | 0.5–32 µg/mL |
| Arctium lappa L. | Compositae | Arctigenin | In vivo | C57BL/6J mice, B6. V-Lepob/Lepob mice | 200, 25 mg/Kg | IHSG, PRGU | ND |
[81] | In vitro | L6 myotubes | 0.1–3 µg/mL |
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