Association between Albuminuria and Different Body Constitution in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Taichung Diabetic Body Constitution Study
Table 1
Participants’ characteristics.
Yang deficiency ()
Phlegm stasis ()
Yin deficiency ()
Yes ()
No ()
value
Yes ()
No ()
value
Yes ()
No ()
value
Age (years)
62.56 ± 13.97
63.82 ± 13.02
0.37
63.86 ± 13.17
63.65 ± 13.13
0.88
65.55 ± 13.31
62.97 ± 113.00
0.01
Female, (%)
67 (67.68)
299 (40.03)
<0.001
69 (61.61)
297 (40.46)
<0.001
116 (50.00)
250 (40.72)
0.02
BMI (kg/m2)
25.84 ± 4.33
25.49 ± 3.90
0.41
26.85 ± 4.39
25.33 ± 3.84
<0.001
25.53 ± 3.63
25.53 ± 4.06
1.00
Waist circumference (cm)
88.96 ± 11.47
89.27 ± 10.32
0.79
93.02 ± 11.67
88.66 ± 10.14
<0.001
89.17 ± 10.44
89.26 ± 10.47
0.92
Lifestyle behaviors
Smoking history, yes, (%)
4 (4.04)
37 (4.95)
0.69
6 (5.36)
35 (4.77)
0.79
9 (3.88)
32 (5.21)
0.42
Alcohol consumption, yes, (%)
0 (0)
26 (3.48)
0.06
0 (0)
26 (3.54)
0.04
3 (1.29)
23 (3.75)
0.07
Exercise habits, yes, (%)
73 (73.74)
595 (79.65)
0.17
71 (63.39)
597 (81.34)
<0.001
174 (75)
494 (80.46)
0.08
Diabetic factors
FBS (mg/dL)
149.50 ± 58.52
143.70 ± 44.70
0.35
149.10 ± 43.21
143.60 ± 47.00
0.25
145.40 ± 52.87
144.00 ± 43.93
0.71
HbAlc (%)
7.83 ± 1.68
7.66 ± 1.59
0.33
8.00 ± 1.64
7.64 ± 1.60
0.03
7.77 ± 1.74
7.65 ± 1.55
0.36
DMH (year)
9.70 ± 9.19
8.82 ± 7.74
0.36
9.16 ± 8.69
8.88 ± 7.81
0.73
9.76 ± 8.82
8.60 ± 7.54
0.08
OHA use, yes, (%)
92 (92.93)
716 (95.85)
0.19
106 (94.64)
702 (95.64)
0.64
222 (95.69)
586 (95.44)
0.88
Insulin usage, yes, (%)
33 (33.33)
172 (3.03)
0.02
35 (31.25)
170 (23.16)
0.06
70 (30.17)
135 (21.99)
0.01
Lipid profile
TC (mg/dL)
176.90 ± 40.05
175.20 ± 36.67
0.66
180.60 ± 43.66
174.60 ± 35.91
0.17
174.30 ± 37.22
175.80 ± 37.02
0.58
TG (mg/dL)
156.60 ± 116.60
148.20 ± 163.20
0.52
157.70 ± 122.90
147.90 ± 163.20
0.45
143.00 ± 88.02
151.50 ± 177.90
0.36
HDL (mg/dL)
51.46 ± 13.20
52.46 ± 14.67
0.52
50.66 ± 13.29
52.60 ± 14.67
0.19
51.56 ± 13.25
52.64 ± 14.95
0.31
LDL (mg/dL)
109.40 ± 30.92
106.00 ± 31.30
0.31
111.90 ± 34.19
105.50 ± 30.73
0.05
106.50 ± 32.82
106.30 ± 30.68
0.94
Blood pressure
SBP (mmHg)
130.60 ± 16.32
131.80 ± 14.39
0.45
132.00 ± 15.09
131.60 ± 14.56
0.79
131.30 ± 14.92
131.70 ± 14.52
0.68
DBP (mmHg)
78.34 ± 10.57
77.51 ± 9.02
0.46
77.11 ± 9.66
77.69 ± 9.14
0.53
76.99 ± 9.77
77.85 ± 8.99
0.23
Kidney function
Microalbumin (mg/dL)
26.77 ± 79.44
34.15 ± 201.8
0.50
33.01 ± 91.77
33.33 ± 202.50
0.98
29.49 ± 87.91
34.73 ± 218.3
0.62
Cr (mg/dL)
1.14 ± 0.50
1.17 ± 0.57
0.57
1.15 ± 0.48
1.17 ± 0.57
0.64
1.21 ± 0.60
1.15 ± 0.54
0.16
eGFR (mL/min)
68.29 ± 26.60
68.11 ± 21.40
0.95
67.44 ± 23.93
68.24 ± 21.77
0.72
64.40 ± 22.74
69.55 ± 21.65
<0.01
ALB/Cr (g/mg)
415.90 ± 1821.3
224.30 ± 851.10
0.30
309.20 ± 1140.80
237.10 ± 993.60
0.53
293.30 ± 1235.80
229.10 ± 916.70
0.47
Diabetic retinopathy, (%)
30 (30.30)
306 (40.96)
0.04
35 (31.25)
301 (41.01)
0.05
100 (43.10)
236 (38.44)
0.23
Data were presented as mean ± SD for continuous variable and as number (%) for categorical variable. values were calculated using the chi-square test for categorical variable and -test for continuous variable. , , and . BMI: body mass index; FBS: fasting blood sugar; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; DMH: duration of diabetes mellitus; OHA: oral hypoglycemic agent; TC: total cholesterol; TG: total triacylglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; GPT: glutamic pyruvic transaminase; Cr: creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; and ALB/CR: microalbumin to creatinine ratio.
