|
Number | Authors | Nature of studies | Major findings on antibacterial action |
|
| | | Physical property |
[76] | M. D. Mandal and S. Mandal, 2011 | Review | Osmotic effect can draw water from bacteria and dehydrate them |
[77] | Molan, 2001 | Review | Acidity (pH 3.2–5.5) can inhibit the growth of most microorganisms |
|
| | | Active ingredient |
[78] | Adams et al., 2008 | In vitro | High concentrations of MGO ranged from 38 to 828 mg/kg as compared with non-MH |
[79] | Mavric et al., 2008 | In vitro | MGO ranging from 38 to 761 mg/kg can inhibit E. coli and S. aureus at 1.1 mM |
[80] | Atrott and Henle, 2009 | In vitro | MGO ranged from 189 to 835 mg/kg and was directly responsible for the antibacterial property |
[81] | Kwakman et al., 2011 | In vitro | Glycoside of methyl syringate called “Leptosin” correlated positively with antibacterial activity |
[82] | Kato et al., 2012 | In vitro | Other than MGO, cationic and noncationic compounds contributed to antibacterial activity |
|
| | | Mechanism of action |
[83] [84] | Henriques et al., 2010 Jenkins et al., 2011 | In vitro | Honey-treated cells fail to proceed cell division and separation (i) S. aureus(ii) MRSA |
[85] | Roberts et al., 2012 | In vitro | Extensive cell lysis on P. aeruginosa at MIC 12% (w/v) after 60 minutes of exposure to MH |
[86] | Packer et al., 2012 | In vitro | Ribosomal function on S. aureus interfered including protein synthesis, the metabolic process, and transcription |
[87] | Maddocks et al., 2012 | In vitro | Inhibition of the binding of Streptococcus pyogenes to fibronectin and the development of biofilm |
[88] | Kronda et al., 2013 | In vitro | Limit P. aeruginosa to capture iron and impede its growth |
|
| | | Bactericidal activity on different microorganisms |
[89] | Cooper et al., 1999 | In vitro | Streptococcus pyogenes |
[90] | Cooper et al., 2002 | In vitro | Pseudomonas species |
[91] | Hammond and Donkor, 2013 | In vitro | Clostridium difficile |
[81] | Kwakman et al., 2011 | In vitro | MRSA, Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa |
[87] | Maddocks et al., 2012 | In vitro | Streptococcus pyogenes |
[92] | Cooper et al., 2002 | In vitro | Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci |
[93] | French et al., 2005 | In vitro | Antibiotic-resistant strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococci |
|
Number | Authors | Nature of studies | Major findings on anti-inflammatory action |
|
| | | Active ingredient |
[94] | Chan et al., 2013 | In vitro | Pinobanksin, pinocembrin, luteolin, and chrysin are the major flavonoids found in MH; low levels of quercetin and galangin were also detected |
[95] | Raso et al., 2001 | In vitro | Quercetin and galangin inhibit the expression of COX-2 and iNOs in a concentration-dependent manner |
[96] | Cho et al., 2004 | In vitro | Chrysin suppresses the activity of proinflammatory enzymes |
[97] | Tonks et al., 2007 | In vitro | 5.8-kDa component isolated from MH stimulates the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 via toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 |
[98] | Tomblin et al., 2014 | In vitro | Phenolic content is directly correlated to the anti-inflammatory activity of MH through a TLR1/TLR2 signalling pathway |
|
Number | Authors | Nature of studies | Major findings on anti-inflammatory action |
|
| | | Mechanism of action |
[99] | Henriques et al., 2006 | In vitro | The formation of free radicals such as hydroxyl radicals are inhibited and contribute to resolving chronic inflammation |
[100] | Tonks et al., 2003 | In vitro | Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 from monocytes are stimulated |
[47] | van den Berg et al., 2008 | In vitro | ROS production and scavenge superoxide anions are inhibited |
[101] | Bean, 2012 | In vitro | The proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1 and the growth factors PDGF and TGF-β are upregulated ROS production by phagocytosis is downregulated |
[102] | Leong et al., 2012 | In vitro Animal study | The production of superoxides by neutrophil decreased Leukocyte infiltration and odema in the mice model decreased |
|